The Roman World Takes Shape

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THE ROMAN WORLD TAKES

SHAPEChapter 5 Section 1

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ROMANS SETTLE ITALY Italy much easier to unify than Greece

The city on seven hills (Rome)

Legend has it: Twin brothers- Romulus and Remus- founded the city of Rome

Etruscans lived North of RomeRomans learned much from the Etruscans

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ROME ESTABLISHES A REPUBLIC Senators: Patricians; served for life and

made laws for Rome Consuls: Patricians; elected by Senate

to supervise the running of Rome Dictators: Patricians; elected by Senate

on occasions of war Tribunes: Plebeians; elected by

Plebeians to guard the interest of Plebeians

Citizen-soldiers: Citizens; served in the Roman army

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CHARACTERIZING ROMAN SOCIETY Family was basic unit- male head of household; ideal woman was loving, dignified, and strong

Women played a larger role in society than did Greek women

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ROMAN REPUBLIC GROWS Generally treated conquered lands with

justiceHad to acknowledge Roman leadership, pay

taxes, and supply soldiers for the Roman army

In return Rome let them keep their own customs, money, and local governments

To a privileged few, Rome gave full citizenship/ others partial citizenship

Most conquered lands stayed loyal to Rome

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FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

Chapter 5 Section 2

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ROME GROWS THROUGH CONQUEST Rome began to expand

westward conflict between Rome and Carthage became inevitable

Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C. three wars were fought against Carthage (Punic Wars)1st Punic War: Rome defeated

Carthage and won islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

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2nd Punic War: Hannibal led his army from the North on a surprise attack- won battle after battle in Italy until Romans attacked CarthageFailed to take Rome

3rd Punic War: Rome completely destroyed Carthage- survivors were killed or sold into slaveryRomans poured salt on the earth

so nothing would grow

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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC DECLINES Debate over who should hold power- the

senate or popular political leadersLed to slave uprisings at homeOld legions of citizen-soldiers became

professional armies who were loyal to their commanders

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JULIUS CAESAR Caesar and Pompey dominated politics

Caesar set out with private army to conquer new lands (Gaul)

Fearful of Caesar’s power- Pompey convinced Senate to disband Caesar’s army

Caesar secretly marched into Rome and crushed Pompey and his followers

Then continued on his quest of conquering more land

Upon his return to Rome, he forced the Senate to make him dictator

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JULIUS CAESAR CON’T Pushed through many reforms

Program of public works Reorganized government and gave more

citizenship Introduced a new calendar (became our

calendar today) Enemies were fearful of his power so

they stabbed him to death

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His death plunged Rome into new civil wars

Mark Antony and Octavian joined forces to find Caesar’s murdersLed to a dispute between the two Octavian defeated Anthony and his ally

Queen Cleopatra of Egypt Octavian changed his name to

Augustus- “Exalted One” Avoided calling himself king- but did

name a successor as a king would do Began the Age of the Roman Empire

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ROMAN EMPIRE Augustus laid the foundation for a stable

government Left senate in place and created an efficient

civil service High level jobs open to men of talent, not

based on class Allowed self-government to outlying cities

and providences Also made economic reforms:

Ordered a census to make taxes more fair Set up postal service Issued new coins to make trade easier

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AUGUSTUS’ SUCCESSORS Not all were competent and strong

Caligula appointed his horse as a consulNero persecuted Christians and was blamed

for setting a great fire that burned much of Rome

96-180 a series of “good emperors”Hadrian codified Roman law and had a large

wall built for protectionMarcus Aurelius read philosophy while

leading wars

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PAX ROMANA BRINGS PROSPERITY Augustus to Aurelius is known as Pax

Romana or “Roman Peace” Roman rule brought peace, order, unity,

and prosperity from Euphrates River in east to Britain in west (size of continental US)

Legions maintained and protected roads and trade routes

Trade expanded greatly During this time prosperity hid

underlying social and economic problems

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THE ROMAN ACHIEVEMENT

Ch. 5 Sec. 3

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LITERATURE, HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY Many Romans spoke Greek and used

their style and prose in poetry Many wrote in Latin Virgil: Wrote to prove Roman history was

as great as Greek historyWrote Aeneid

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LITERATURE, HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY CON’T Others wrote to satirize (make fun of)

Roman society Historians wrote bout rise and fall of

RomeLivy wrote about tales of heroesTacitus wrote bitterly about Augustus and

his followers Romans borrowed Greek philosophy Stoicism became popular from the

Hellenistic society

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ART AND ARCHITECTURE Art was similar to Greek- sculptors

focused on realismRomans focused on revealing an

individual’s character Art was used to beautify the home Also known for their frescos and mosaics Architecture emphasized grandeur

Improved the use of columns and archesMost famous domed structure- Pantheon

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SCIENCE AND MATHMATICS Romans were engineers: a mix of

mathematics and science to develop structures and machinesBuilt roads, bridges, and harborsAlso built aqueducts: bridgelike stone

structures that carried water from the hills into Roman cities

Romans left science research to the Greek, now part of the Roman empire

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NEW LAW CODES Law fostered unity and stability Innocent until proven guilty The accused is allowed to face the

accuser and offer a defense against the charge

Guilt had to be established “clearer than daylight” using solid evidence

Judges were allowed to interpret the laws and were expected to make fair decisions

Penalties varied according to social class, lower-class were treated more harshly

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RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

Ch. 5 Sec. 4

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DIVERSE RELIGIONS IN ROME Various religions coexisted leading Roman gods remained

important Some turned to mystery religions

Cult of Isis- women were equal to menRoman soldiers favored cult of Persian god

Mithras- good over evil/ life after death Toleration as long as people tolerated

Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor

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DIVISIONS IN JUDEA Romans conquered Judea by 63 B.C. Romans excused Jews from

worshiping Roman gods because they were monotheistic

Among Jews themselves, religious ferment created divisions

Jewish conservatives rejected Hellenistic influences and called for strict obedience to Jewish law and traditions

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RISE OF CHRISTIANITY As turmoil engulfed Jews, Christianity began to rise among followers of a Jew named Jesus

Most of what we know about Jesus comes from the Gospels (First 4 books of New Testament of Christian bible)

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JESUS BEGINS PREACHING Born about 4 B.C. in Bethlehem, he

was a descendent of King David of Israel

Jesus grew up in Nazareth worshiping God and following Jewish law

Began preaching around age 30 He recruited 12 of his disciples who

became apostlesAfter 3 years Jesus went to Jerusalem to

spread his message there

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JESUS TEACHES NEW BELIEFS Jesus’ teachings were firmly rooted in Jewish tradition

Preached obedience in the laws of Moses but also preached new beliefs

His mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to all who believed in him

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JESUS’ PERSECUTION Some Jews welcomed Jesus, others

saw him as a troublemaker Roman authorities saw him as a

threat Jesus was betrayed by one of his

disciples and arrested, tried, and condemned to death

After death on the cross Gospels report he ascended into heaven

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MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY SPREADS Disciples continued to spread Jesus’

message Followers became known as Christians Peter spread Christianity to Rome itself Paul played most influential role in

spreading ChristianityPaul traveled around Mediterranean and set

up churches Also wrote letters to Christians to help

spread

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CHRISTIANS ARE OPPRESSED Romans no longer tolerated Christians Christians met in secret to avoid

persecution/ rumors spread they were engaged in evil practices

Peter and Paul were martyred during reign of Nero

Christianity continued to spread despite the attacks- even brought more converts

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EARLY CHURCH DEVELOPS To join Christian community- person had

to be baptized or blessed in holy water The Baptized ate bread and drank wine

in a sacred rite called Eurcharist in memory of Jesus

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DIFFERENCES ARISE WITHIN THE CHURCH Rivalry within church officials caused divisions between east and west

Led to heresies: beliefs said to contrary to official Church teachings

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THE LONG DECLINE

Ch. 5 Sec. 5

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Roman empire faced threats from inside and outside the empireEconomic problemsForeign invasionDecline in traditional values

Undermined stability and security

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PROBLEMS IN THE EMPIRE Death of Marcus Aurelius- Rome

spiraled into political and economic decline

Disruptive political pattern emergedConstant overturning of the throne26 emperors resigned in 50 years

High taxes to support army placed heavy burdens on small business and small farmersFarmland lost its productivityFarmers became “slaves” even though they

were free

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EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN SHARES POWER Diocletian set out to restore orderDivided the empire in half to make it easier to rule

He kept control of wealthy east

Gave co-emperor Maximian the West

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CONSTANTINE MAKES FURTHER REFORMS 312 General Constantine

gained the throne Continued Diocletian’s

reforms and made more:Granted toleration to ChristiansEstablished a new capital at

Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople

Eastern empire became “New Rome” and was center of power

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IMPROVEMENTS PROVE TEMPORARY Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine had mixed resultsRevived the economyHeld empire together Failed to stop long-term decline

Internal problems and attacks from the outside bring down the empire

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INVADERS THREATEN ROMAN EMPIRE Events in East Asia forced nomadic

people, Huns, from central Asia toward eastern EuropeFought fierce battles against Germanic

people who then sought refuge by the Romans

With empire in decline, legions were hard pressed to halt the invaders (Germanic peoples)Surrendered Britain, France, and Spain, then

eventually all of Rome itself

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ROME IS SACKED Gradually Germanic groups occupied

more and more of Western RomeWorst was yet to come

434 Hun leader Attila started a savage campaign of conquestSent more Germanic people fleeing

476 Germanic leader Odoacer ousted emperor of Rome

Historians referred to that as the “fall” of Rome

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PROBLEMS THAT CAUSED ROME TO FALL1. Military invasions- partly

because legion lacked discipline and training; hired mercenaries: foreign soldiers serving for pay

2. Political Turmoil- government became too oppressive and lost support of the people; constant civil wars for power; dividing the empire while under attack

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3. Economic Weakness- heavier taxes to support bureaucracy and vast military; reliance on slave labor minimized exploring new technology; high death rate with war not enough people to meet production demands

4. Social Decay- some Romans pointed to lack of patriotism, discipline, and devotion to duty on which Rome was built

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DID ROME FALL? An emperor still ruled eastern Roman

empire for another 1,000 years under Byzantine empire

“fall of Rome” is shorthand for a long, slow change from one way of life to another

People of Italy continued to live much the way they did before 476, just under new rulersMany still spoke Latin and obeyed Roman

laws Slowly German culture replaced

Roman, cities crumbled and roads disappeared

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THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Chapter 9 Sections 1

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CONSTANTINE CREATES A “NEW ROME” Ruled Eastern Side after split of Rome

Rebuilt Roman city of Byzantium- renamed it ConstantinopleBecame the new capital of his Empire

In time- Eastern Rome became Byzantine Empire

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CONSTANTINOPLE GROWS Located on shores of the Bosporus

Strait- Links Mediterranean and Black SeasGuarded on three sides by waterBuilt a system of land/sea walls for better

defenseBusy marketplace

EX: Silk from China, Wheat from Egypt, Gems from India, Spices from SW Asia, Furs from Vikings

Blended Greek, Roman, and Christian influences with other traditions of the Mediterranean world

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JUSTINIAN Byzantine Empire reached peak

under Justinian Wanted to revive Rome by gaining

back original landsUnsuccessful

Rebuilt the capital Rebuilt Hagia Sophia church

Justinian Code: “Body of Civil Law”Impacted as far as Western Europe

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Hagia Sophia

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JUSTINIAN CON’T Rules with Absolute Power

Ruled as an AutocratAlso held power over the church

(Christ’s Co-ruler) Economic and Military Strength

Remained a money economy when others could not

One of the strongest military forces in the world Possessed Greek Fire

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JUSTINIAN

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CHRISTIANITY Practiced differently in Byzantine

empire than in Europe- caused increasing tensions

Europe had Priests/ Byzantine emperor was over church and appointed patriarchs

During Middle Ages, multiple controversies led to Great SchismByzantine Christianity became Eastern or

Greek Orthodox ChurchWest became Roman Catholic Church

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CRISIS AND COLLAPSE Byzantine empire in decline by Great

Schism As the empire faltered, enemies

advanced Byzantine emperor asked West for help

to fight Seljuk Turks (Islamic)Led to First Crusades

By Fourth Crusade Constantinople trade had fallen to Venetians

1453: Ottoman Turks surrounded ConstantinopleMehmet II renamed Constantinople-

IstanbulHagia Sophia became a Muslim house of

worship

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BYZANTINE HERITAGE Their influence reached across

Europe Ottomans adapted features of

Byzantine government, social life, architecture

Continued to spread on build on Hellenistic world

Unique contributions in Arts Many books written, especially on

history