THE AXIAL SKELETON & FETAL SKULL Exercise 9. Two Skeletal Divisions Axial skeleton Axial...

THE AXIAL SKELETON & THE AXIAL SKELETON & FETAL SKULLFETAL SKULL

Exercise 9Exercise 9

Two Skeletal DivisionsTwo Skeletal Divisions

Axial skeletonAxial skeleton Bones around the body’s “axis” or center of gravityBones around the body’s “axis” or center of gravity

Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton Bones of the limbs or “appendages”Bones of the limbs or “appendages”

VERY IMPORTANT TABLEVERY IMPORTANT TABLE

THE AXIAL THE AXIAL SKELETONSKELETON

Fig. 7-1b

Fig. 7-1a

SKULLSKULLCranialCranial skeleton skeleton

Cranium, braincaseCranium, braincaseFacialFacial Skeleton Skeleton

faceface

Fig. 7-2

Fig. 7-3

Fig. 7-3 TEMPORAL BONETEMPORAL BONE

Fig. 7-3

TEMPORAL BONETEMPORAL BONE

Fig. 7-3

TEMPORAL BONETEMPORAL BONE

Fig. 7-3

TEMPORAL BONETEMPORAL BONE

Fig. 7-3

OCCIPITAL BONEOCCIPITAL BONE

HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL IS HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL IS UNDERNEATH THE UNDERNEATH THE

CONDYLECONDYLE

Fig. 7-3

SPHENOID BONESPHENOID BONE

Fig. 7-3

SPHENOID BONESPHENOID BONE

Fig. 7-3

SPHENOID BONESPHENOID BONE

Fig. 7-3

ETHMOID BONEETHMOID BONE

OLFACTORY FORAMINA OLFACTORY FORAMINA ARE THE HOLES IN THE ARE THE HOLES IN THE

CRIBIFORM PLATECRIBIFORM PLATE

Fig. 7-3

ETHMOID BONEETHMOID BONE

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.1a External anatomy of the right lateral aspect of the skull.

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Occipitalbone

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Squamoussuture

Lambdoidsuture

Zygomaticprocess

Occipitomastoidsuture

External acousticmeatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Lacrimal fossa

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.1b External anatomy of the right lateral aspect of the skull.

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Occipitalbone

Squamoussuture

Lambdoidsuture

Occipitomastoidsuture

External acousticmeatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Zygomaticprocess

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Lacrimal fossa

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.2a Inferior view of the skull, mandible removed.

Maxilla(palatine process)

Palatine bone(horizontal plate)

Zygomatic bone

Temporal bone(zygomatic process)

Vomer

Temporal bone(petrous part)

Parietal bone

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Maxilla

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Occipital bone

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Carotid canal

External acoustic meatus

Jugular foramen

Occipital condyle

Foramen magnum

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.2b Inferior view of the skull, mandible removed.

Mastoidprocess

Zygomatic arch

Foramen ovale

Carotid canal

Styloid process

Jugular foramen

Occipital condyle

Foramen magnum

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.3a-b Internal anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull.

Cribriform plate

Crista galliEthmoidbone

Sphenoid

Temporal bone(petrous part)

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Frontal bone

sella turcica

Internal acousticmeatus

Jugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Cribriform foramina

Optic canal

Foramen ovale

Hypoglossal canal

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.3c Internal anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull.

Cribriform plateCrista galli

Ethmoidbone

Sphenoid

Temporal bone(petrous part)

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

sella turcica

Foramen magnum

Frontal bone

Cribriform foramina

Optic canal

Foramen ovale

Jugular foramen

Fig. 7-3

SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES

Fig. 7-3

SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES

Fig. 7-3

SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES

Fig. 7-3

SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES

Fig. 7-3

SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.6b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Temporal bone(mastoid process)

Sagittal suture

Lambdoidsuture

Occipitomastoidsuture

Occipitalcondyle

Fig. 7-2

FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL

Fig. 7-2

FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL

LACRIMAL FOSSA = LACRIMAL FOSSA =

Shallow depression Shallow depression in this bonein this bone

Fig. 7-3

FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL

Zygomatic bone = blue Zygomatic bone = blue

Temporal bone = pinkTemporal bone = pink

Zygomatic ARCH Zygomatic ARCH is is a segment of each of a segment of each of these bones, your these bones, your “cheekbone” is “cheekbone” is actually partially actually partially temporal bone and temporal bone and partially zygomatic partially zygomatic bone…your zygomatic bone…your zygomatic arch.arch.

Fig. 7-3

FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL

Inferior nasal Inferior nasal conchae (2) are conchae (2) are

FACIAL bones….FACIAL bones….

You already You already learned that the learned that the

middle nasal middle nasal conchae are part of conchae are part of the ethmoid bone, the ethmoid bone, a CRANIAL bone.a CRANIAL bone.

Fig. 7-3, 4

FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL

The VOMER is the The VOMER is the inferior portion of inferior portion of

your nasal septum.your nasal septum.

Fig. 7-3

FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL

PALATINE BONE: PALATINE BONE: posterior 1/3 of posterior 1/3 of “roof of mouth”“roof of mouth”

Fig. 7-2

FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL

2 MAXILLARY 2 MAXILLARY BONES: BONES:

upper jawupper jaw

Fig. 7-2

FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL

MANDIBLE (1): MANDIBLE (1):

lower jawlower jaw

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.6c Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.

Parietal bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Frontal bone

Ethmoid boneNasal bones

Mandible

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.7 Detailed anatomy of the mandible and maxilla.

Maxilla, right lateral view Mandible, right lateral view

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.8 Bones that form the orbit.

Roof of orbit

Lateral wall of orbit

Medial wall

Floor of orbit

Superiororbitalfissure Optic canal

Inferior orbital fissure

Zygomatic bone

Nasal bone

• sphenoid bone

• frontal bone

sphenoid bone

• zygomatic bone

• ethmoid bone

• maxilla

• Lacrimal bone

• palatine bone

• maxillary bone

• Zygomatic bone

Fig. 7-12

Hyoid boneHyoid bone

Not really a skull Not really a skull bonebone

Doesn’t articulate Doesn’t articulate with any other with any other bone—unique!bone—unique!

Fig. 7-16

Vertebral Vertebral ColumnColumn

Cervical: C1-C7Cervical: C1-C7

Atlas = C1Atlas = C1

Axis = C2Axis = C2

Fig. 7-19

Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae

Atlas = C1 “no body”Atlas = C1 “no body”

Axis = C2Axis = C2

All cervicalsAll cervicals have have holes in the sidesholes in the sides

Fig. 7-20

Thoracic VertebraeThoracic Vertebrae

T1-T12T1-T12

All thoracicsAll thoracics have have facets on the sides facets on the sides where ribs attachwhere ribs attach

Fig. 7-20

Fig. 7-21

Lumbar VertebraeLumbar VertebraeL1-L5L1-L5

All lumbarsAll lumbars have have large “bodies”large “bodies”

Fig. 7-22

Sacrum & CoccyxSacrum & Coccyx5 fused vertebrae5 fused vertebrae

Know Know posterior/anteriorposterior/anterior

4 fused vertebrae4 fused vertebrae

Intervertebral DiscsIntervertebral Discs

Inter = in betweenInter = in between

What type of What type of cartilage?cartilage?

Fig. 7-18

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 9.1 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.11 The vertebral column.

C7 (vertebraprominens)

C1

Cervical curvature (concave)7 vertebrae, C1 – C7

Spinous process

Transverseprocesses

Thoracic curvature (convex)12 vertebrae, T1 – T12

Intervertebraldiscs

Intervertebralforamen

Lumbar curvature (concave)5 vertebrae, L1 – L5

T1

L1

Sacral curvature (convex)Sacrum5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx4 fused vertebrae

2

3

4

5

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

2

3

4

5

3

2

7

6

4

5

Anterior view Right lateral view

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.12 Abnormal spinal curvatures

Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.13 A typical vertebra, superior view.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.14 The first and second cervical vertebrae.

Superior view of atlas (C1) Inferior view of atlas (C1)

Superior view of axis (C2)

Posterior

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.15 Superior and right lateral views of typical vertebrae.C1

C2

Superior View Right Lateral View

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.16 Sacrum and coccyx.

Anterior view Posterior view

Coccyx Coccyx

Bony ThoraxBony ThoraxFig. 7-23

STERNUMSTERNUM

Bony ThoraxBony ThoraxFig. 7-23

TRUE TRUE RIBS (1-7)RIBS (1-7)

FALSE FALSE RIBS RIBS

(8-12)(8-12)FALSE RIBS : FALSE RIBS :

FLOATING RIBS (11-12)FLOATING RIBS (11-12)

Bony ThoraxBony ThoraxFig. 7-23

COSTAL COSTAL CARTILAGECARTILAGE

NOT NOT “COASTAL”“COASTAL”

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.17 The thoracic cage.

Manubrium

Heart

Costal cartilage

Body

L1

VertebraFloatingribs (11, 12)

Falseribs (8–12)

Trueribs (1–7) Xiphoid

process

Sternum

T2

T3

T4

T5

T9

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.18 Structure of a typical true rib and its articulations.

Transverse costal facet(for tubercle of rib)

The Fetal SkeletonThe Fetal Skeleton

Fontanels:Fontanels:

indentations between bones of fetal skull (fibrous indentations between bones of fetal skull (fibrous membranes), which ossify as the child ages (20-22 membranes), which ossify as the child ages (20-22

months)months)

http://wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/HumanSkeleton.gif

Face: cranium

Head:body

Ossification centers

Frontal bone

Vertebrae

Sternum

Patellae

Coxal

Rib cage

Carpals

tarsals

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.19 Skull of a newborn.

Posterior fontanelle

Ossificationcenter

Frontal bone

Occipitalbone

Parietalbone

Frontalbone

Parietalbone

Occipitalbone

Temporal bone (squamous part)

Left lateral viewSuperior view

Left lateral viewAnterior view

Anteriorfontanelle

Frontalsuture

Anterior

Sphenoidalfontanelle

Ossificationcenter

Posteriorfontanelle

Mastoidfontanelle

Anterior fontanelle

Frontalsuture

Sphenoidalfontanelle

Maxilla

Mandible

Anteriorfontanelle

Sphenoidalfontanelle

Mastoidfontanelle

Parietalbone

Occipitalbone

Temporal bone(squamous part)

FrontalboneFrontal

bone

Parietalbone

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.19a Skull of a newborn.

Posterior fontanelle

Ossificationcenter

Frontal bone

Occipitalbone

Parietalbone

Superior view

Anteriorfontanelle

Frontalsuture

Anterior

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.19b Skull of a newborn.

Frontalbone

Parietalbone

Occipitalbone

Temporal bone (squamous part)

Left lateral view

Sphenoidalfontanelle

Ossificationcenter

Posteriorfontanelle

Mastoidfontanelle

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.19c Skull of a newborn.

Anterior view

Anterior fontanelle

Frontalsuture

Sphenoidalfontanelle

Maxilla

Mandible

Frontalbone

Parietalbone

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.19d Skull of a newborn.

Left lateral view

Anteriorfontanelle

Sphenoidalfontanelle

Mastoidfontanelle

Parietalbone

Occipitalbone

Temporal bone(squamous part)

Frontalbone

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Review Figure 9.1

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Review Figure 9.2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Review Figure 9.3

(curvature)

(curvature)

(curvature)

(curvature)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Review Figure 9.4

L1 vertebra

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Review Figure 9.5