Embed Size (px)
THE AXIAL SKELETON & THE AXIAL SKELETON & FETAL SKULLFETAL SKULL
Exercise 9Exercise 9
Two Skeletal DivisionsTwo Skeletal Divisions
Axial skeletonAxial skeleton Bones around the body’s “axis” or center of gravityBones around the body’s “axis” or center of gravity
Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton Bones of the limbs or “appendages”Bones of the limbs or “appendages”
VERY IMPORTANT TABLEVERY IMPORTANT TABLE
THE AXIAL THE AXIAL SKELETONSKELETON
Fig. 7-1b
Fig. 7-1a
SKULLSKULLCranialCranial skeleton skeleton
Cranium, braincaseCranium, braincaseFacialFacial Skeleton Skeleton
faceface
Fig. 7-2
Fig. 7-3
Fig. 7-3 TEMPORAL BONETEMPORAL BONE
Fig. 7-3
TEMPORAL BONETEMPORAL BONE
Fig. 7-3
TEMPORAL BONETEMPORAL BONE
Fig. 7-3
TEMPORAL BONETEMPORAL BONE
Fig. 7-3
OCCIPITAL BONEOCCIPITAL BONE
HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL IS HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL IS UNDERNEATH THE UNDERNEATH THE
CONDYLECONDYLE
Fig. 7-3
SPHENOID BONESPHENOID BONE
Fig. 7-3
SPHENOID BONESPHENOID BONE
Fig. 7-3
SPHENOID BONESPHENOID BONE
Fig. 7-3
ETHMOID BONEETHMOID BONE
OLFACTORY FORAMINA OLFACTORY FORAMINA ARE THE HOLES IN THE ARE THE HOLES IN THE
CRIBIFORM PLATECRIBIFORM PLATE
Fig. 7-3
ETHMOID BONEETHMOID BONE
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.1a External anatomy of the right lateral aspect of the skull.
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Occipitalbone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Squamoussuture
Lambdoidsuture
Zygomaticprocess
Occipitomastoidsuture
External acousticmeatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Lacrimal fossa
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.1b External anatomy of the right lateral aspect of the skull.
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Occipitalbone
Squamoussuture
Lambdoidsuture
Occipitomastoidsuture
External acousticmeatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Zygomaticprocess
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Lacrimal fossa
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.2a Inferior view of the skull, mandible removed.
Maxilla(palatine process)
Palatine bone(horizontal plate)
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone(zygomatic process)
Vomer
Temporal bone(petrous part)
Parietal bone
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Occipital bone
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.2b Inferior view of the skull, mandible removed.
Mastoidprocess
Zygomatic arch
Foramen ovale
Carotid canal
Styloid process
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.3a-b Internal anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull.
Cribriform plate
Crista galliEthmoidbone
Sphenoid
Temporal bone(petrous part)
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Frontal bone
sella turcica
Internal acousticmeatus
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Cribriform foramina
Optic canal
Foramen ovale
Hypoglossal canal
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.3c Internal anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull.
Cribriform plateCrista galli
Ethmoidbone
Sphenoid
Temporal bone(petrous part)
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
sella turcica
Foramen magnum
Frontal bone
Cribriform foramina
Optic canal
Foramen ovale
Jugular foramen
Fig. 7-3
SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES
Fig. 7-3
SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES
Fig. 7-3
SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES
Fig. 7-3
SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES
Fig. 7-3
SKULL SUTURESSKULL SUTURES
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.6b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone(mastoid process)
Sagittal suture
Lambdoidsuture
Occipitomastoidsuture
Occipitalcondyle
Fig. 7-2
FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL
Fig. 7-2
FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL
LACRIMAL FOSSA = LACRIMAL FOSSA =
Shallow depression Shallow depression in this bonein this bone
Fig. 7-3
FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL
Zygomatic bone = blue Zygomatic bone = blue
Temporal bone = pinkTemporal bone = pink
Zygomatic ARCH Zygomatic ARCH is is a segment of each of a segment of each of these bones, your these bones, your “cheekbone” is “cheekbone” is actually partially actually partially temporal bone and temporal bone and partially zygomatic partially zygomatic bone…your zygomatic bone…your zygomatic arch.arch.
Fig. 7-3
FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL
Inferior nasal Inferior nasal conchae (2) are conchae (2) are
FACIAL bones….FACIAL bones….
You already You already learned that the learned that the
middle nasal middle nasal conchae are part of conchae are part of the ethmoid bone, the ethmoid bone, a CRANIAL bone.a CRANIAL bone.
Fig. 7-3, 4
FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL
The VOMER is the The VOMER is the inferior portion of inferior portion of
your nasal septum.your nasal septum.
Fig. 7-3
FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL
PALATINE BONE: PALATINE BONE: posterior 1/3 of posterior 1/3 of “roof of mouth”“roof of mouth”
Fig. 7-2
FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL
2 MAXILLARY 2 MAXILLARY BONES: BONES:
upper jawupper jaw
Fig. 7-2
FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES OF THE OF THE SKULLSKULL
MANDIBLE (1): MANDIBLE (1):
lower jawlower jaw
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.6c Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Parietal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Frontal bone
Ethmoid boneNasal bones
Mandible
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.7 Detailed anatomy of the mandible and maxilla.
Maxilla, right lateral view Mandible, right lateral view
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.8 Bones that form the orbit.
Roof of orbit
Lateral wall of orbit
Medial wall
Floor of orbit
Superiororbitalfissure Optic canal
Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
• sphenoid bone
• frontal bone
sphenoid bone
• zygomatic bone
• ethmoid bone
• maxilla
• Lacrimal bone
• palatine bone
• maxillary bone
• Zygomatic bone
Fig. 7-12
Hyoid boneHyoid bone
Not really a skull Not really a skull bonebone
Doesn’t articulate Doesn’t articulate with any other with any other bone—unique!bone—unique!
Fig. 7-16
Vertebral Vertebral ColumnColumn
Cervical: C1-C7Cervical: C1-C7
Atlas = C1Atlas = C1
Axis = C2Axis = C2
Fig. 7-19
Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae
Atlas = C1 “no body”Atlas = C1 “no body”
Axis = C2Axis = C2
All cervicalsAll cervicals have have holes in the sidesholes in the sides
Fig. 7-20
Thoracic VertebraeThoracic Vertebrae
T1-T12T1-T12
All thoracicsAll thoracics have have facets on the sides facets on the sides where ribs attachwhere ribs attach
Fig. 7-20
Fig. 7-21
Lumbar VertebraeLumbar VertebraeL1-L5L1-L5
All lumbarsAll lumbars have have large “bodies”large “bodies”
Fig. 7-22
Sacrum & CoccyxSacrum & Coccyx5 fused vertebrae5 fused vertebrae
Know Know posterior/anteriorposterior/anterior
4 fused vertebrae4 fused vertebrae
Intervertebral DiscsIntervertebral Discs
Inter = in betweenInter = in between
What type of What type of cartilage?cartilage?
Fig. 7-18
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9.1 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.11 The vertebral column.
C7 (vertebraprominens)
C1
Cervical curvature (concave)7 vertebrae, C1 – C7
Spinous process
Transverseprocesses
Thoracic curvature (convex)12 vertebrae, T1 – T12
Intervertebraldiscs
Intervertebralforamen
Lumbar curvature (concave)5 vertebrae, L1 – L5
T1
L1
Sacral curvature (convex)Sacrum5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx4 fused vertebrae
2
3
4
5
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
2
3
4
5
3
2
7
6
4
5
Anterior view Right lateral view
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.12 Abnormal spinal curvatures
Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.13 A typical vertebra, superior view.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.14 The first and second cervical vertebrae.
Superior view of atlas (C1) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
Superior view of axis (C2)
Posterior
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.15 Superior and right lateral views of typical vertebrae.C1
C2
Superior View Right Lateral View
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.16 Sacrum and coccyx.
Anterior view Posterior view
Coccyx Coccyx
Bony ThoraxBony ThoraxFig. 7-23
STERNUMSTERNUM
Bony ThoraxBony ThoraxFig. 7-23
TRUE TRUE RIBS (1-7)RIBS (1-7)
FALSE FALSE RIBS RIBS
(8-12)(8-12)FALSE RIBS : FALSE RIBS :
FLOATING RIBS (11-12)FLOATING RIBS (11-12)
Bony ThoraxBony ThoraxFig. 7-23
COSTAL COSTAL CARTILAGECARTILAGE
NOT NOT “COASTAL”“COASTAL”
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.17 The thoracic cage.
Manubrium
Heart
Costal cartilage
Body
L1
VertebraFloatingribs (11, 12)
Falseribs (8–12)
Trueribs (1–7) Xiphoid
process
Sternum
T2
T3
T4
T5
T9
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.18 Structure of a typical true rib and its articulations.
Transverse costal facet(for tubercle of rib)
The Fetal SkeletonThe Fetal Skeleton
Fontanels:Fontanels:
indentations between bones of fetal skull (fibrous indentations between bones of fetal skull (fibrous membranes), which ossify as the child ages (20-22 membranes), which ossify as the child ages (20-22
months)months)
http://wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/HumanSkeleton.gif
Face: cranium
Head:body
Ossification centers
Frontal bone
Vertebrae
Sternum
Patellae
Coxal
Rib cage
Carpals
tarsals
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.19 Skull of a newborn.
Posterior fontanelle
Ossificationcenter
Frontal bone
Occipitalbone
Parietalbone
Frontalbone
Parietalbone
Occipitalbone
Temporal bone (squamous part)
Left lateral viewSuperior view
Left lateral viewAnterior view
Anteriorfontanelle
Frontalsuture
Anterior
Sphenoidalfontanelle
Ossificationcenter
Posteriorfontanelle
Mastoidfontanelle
Anterior fontanelle
Frontalsuture
Sphenoidalfontanelle
Maxilla
Mandible
Anteriorfontanelle
Sphenoidalfontanelle
Mastoidfontanelle
Parietalbone
Occipitalbone
Temporal bone(squamous part)
FrontalboneFrontal
bone
Parietalbone
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.19a Skull of a newborn.
Posterior fontanelle
Ossificationcenter
Frontal bone
Occipitalbone
Parietalbone
Superior view
Anteriorfontanelle
Frontalsuture
Anterior
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.19b Skull of a newborn.
Frontalbone
Parietalbone
Occipitalbone
Temporal bone (squamous part)
Left lateral view
Sphenoidalfontanelle
Ossificationcenter
Posteriorfontanelle
Mastoidfontanelle
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.19c Skull of a newborn.
Anterior view
Anterior fontanelle
Frontalsuture
Sphenoidalfontanelle
Maxilla
Mandible
Frontalbone
Parietalbone
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.19d Skull of a newborn.
Left lateral view
Anteriorfontanelle
Sphenoidalfontanelle
Mastoidfontanelle
Parietalbone
Occipitalbone
Temporal bone(squamous part)
Frontalbone
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review Figure 9.1
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review Figure 9.2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review Figure 9.3
(curvature)
(curvature)
(curvature)
(curvature)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review Figure 9.4
L1 vertebra
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Review Figure 9.5
