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8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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http://www.cepp.iliauni.edu.ge/
2012
http://www.cepp.iliauni.edu.ge/http://www.cepp.iliauni.edu.ge/8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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I. Preamble
Particle Physics Timeline
Earliest
times - 1550 AD(from Ancient to Arab Science & Bacon, Copernicus)
1550 - 1900 AD: Mechanics& Electrodynamics
(from Galilei and Newton to Maxwell and Tompson)
19001964 AD: Quantum Theory(from Planck to Heisenberg, Dirac, Feynman, )
1964 - 2010: Standard Model and beyond)(from Gell-Mann to Glashow, Salam, Weinberg, )
20102020: New Physics at LHC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model_of_particle_physicshttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/sciencet.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/sciencet.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/smt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/sciencet.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/sciencet.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model_of_particle_physics8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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Hydrogen atom
Intersection of Atomic and Particle Physics
Particle Physics
from collective phenomena to individual acts
Electromagnetic force everywhere
Strong force sm
Weak force sm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hydrogen_atom.svg8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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II. Standard Model of particle physics
Conceptual Background
Space-Time Symetries Relativistic I nvariance
and 4-Translations
f rom space and time (3-sphere + clock)
)( 2222
rzyx ( t)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model_of_particle_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model_of_particle_physics8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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to spacetime (3+1) hyperboloid (depicted below asthe2+1 one)
)( 222222
szyxtc
and light cones
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Internal Symmetries Conservation of Charges
Electric
Color
Weak
etc. etc.
Spontaneous Symmetry Violation
Non-stability
of Starting I nternal Symmetr ies
rotation => symmetry
Mexican hat potential (U= )describing symmetrical but non-stable system
Theoretical FrameworkQuantum F ield Theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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Particles
Pointlike
cm1710
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Particles of matter
Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3
QuarksUp u Charm c Top t
Down d Strange s Bottom b
Leptons
Electron
Neutrinoe
Muon
Neutrino
Tau
Neutrin
o
Electron e Muon Tau
Force mediating particles
lectromagneticForceWeakForce StrongForce
Photon
Mass
0
Weak Bosons
W
+
W
Z
100GeV
Gluons
g
a=18
0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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Elementary forces
Electromagnetic interactionU(1)
Weak interaction SU(2) Grand Unif ication
Strong (or Color) interaction SU(3)
(i) Standard Modelof elementary particle physics is a theoryof electromagnetic,weak andstronginteractions based
on the internal local symmetry SU(3)SU(2)U(1)
(ii) They are unified at energies ~1016 GeV into the GrandUnified Theory (GUT) with one universal constant.
(iii) Standard Model through the GUT approaches the Plankscale1019GeV (strong gravity region!)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKM_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKM_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKM_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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Higgs boson H
Main bonus product of Standard Model
hypothetical scalarelementary particle giving masses to all
other particles through spontaneous symmetry breaking
114 GeV < MH < 135 GeV
A Feynman diagramfor H production
A simulated event of H production at LHC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CMS_Higgs-event.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BosonFusion-Higgs.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field_theory8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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Founding Contributors
Electroweak theory
Quantum Chromodynamics
8
Fritzsch, Gell-Mann (1972)
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Problems of Standard Model
I s new physics knocking on a doorIdentical matter families Anew level of
elementarity?
Hierarchy problem (lifting all mases to the highest
Planck Mass) Supersymmetry?
Too many symmetries Where do they come from
and how? Dynamical or igin?
Gravitation I s gravity an elementary force as
others?
Phenomenology- abnormal weakness of gravity force:proton electromagnetic constant - 301374
21.)/(
/ e
proton gravity constant -19
10
Pp MmG /
Extra Space-Time dimensions?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problem8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
LHC preaccelerators
P, Pb, PS, SPS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LHC.svg8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads
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A T L A S
CMS - experiment
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