Lecture for Undergrads

8/13/2019 Lecture for Undergrads

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:

http://www.cepp.iliauni.edu.ge/

2012
http://www.cepp.iliauni.edu.ge/http://www.cepp.iliauni.edu.ge/


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I. Preamble

Particle Physics Timeline

Earliest

times - 1550 AD(from Ancient to Arab Science & Bacon, Copernicus)

1550 - 1900 AD: Mechanics& Electrodynamics

(from Galilei and Newton to Maxwell and Tompson)

19001964 AD: Quantum Theory(from Planck to Heisenberg, Dirac, Feynman, )

1964 - 2010: Standard Model and beyond)(from Gell-Mann to Glashow, Salam, Weinberg, )

20102020: New Physics at LHC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model_of_particle_physicshttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/sciencet.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/sciencet.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/smt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/sciencet.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/quantumt.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/sciencet.htmlhttp://www.particleadventure.org/other/history/earlyt.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model_of_particle_physics


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Hydrogen atom

Intersection of Atomic and Particle Physics

Particle Physics

from collective phenomena to individual acts

Electromagnetic force everywhere

Strong force sm

Weak force sm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hydrogen_atom.svg


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II. Standard Model of particle physics

Conceptual Background

Space-Time Symetries Relativistic I nvariance

and 4-Translations

f rom space and time (3-sphere + clock)

)( 2222

rzyx ( t)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model_of_particle_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_model_of_particle_physics


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to spacetime (3+1) hyperboloid (depicted below asthe2+1 one)

)( 222222

szyxtc

and light cones


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Internal Symmetries Conservation of Charges

Electric

Color

Weak

etc. etc.

Spontaneous Symmetry Violation

Non-stability

of Starting I nternal Symmetr ies

rotation => symmetry

Mexican hat potential (U= )describing symmetrical but non-stable system

Theoretical FrameworkQuantum F ield Theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking


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Particles

Pointlike

cm1710


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Particles of matter

Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3

QuarksUp u Charm c Top t

Down d Strange s Bottom b

Leptons

Electron

Neutrinoe

Muon

Neutrino

Tau

Neutrin

o

Electron e Muon Tau

Force mediating particles

lectromagneticForceWeakForce StrongForce

Photon

Mass

0

Weak Bosons

W

+

W

Z

100GeV

Gluons

g

a=18

0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon


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Elementary forces

Electromagnetic interactionU(1)

Weak interaction SU(2) Grand Unif ication

Strong (or Color) interaction SU(3)

(i) Standard Modelof elementary particle physics is a theoryof electromagnetic,weak andstronginteractions based

on the internal local symmetry SU(3)SU(2)U(1)

(ii) They are unified at energies ~1016 GeV into the GrandUnified Theory (GUT) with one universal constant.

(iii) Standard Model through the GUT approaches the Plankscale1019GeV (strong gravity region!)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKM_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKM_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKM_matrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction


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Higgs boson H

Main bonus product of Standard Model

hypothetical scalarelementary particle giving masses to all

other particles through spontaneous symmetry breaking

114 GeV < MH < 135 GeV

A Feynman diagramfor H production

A simulated event of H production at LHC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CMS_Higgs-event.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BosonFusion-Higgs.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field_theory


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Founding Contributors

Electroweak theory

Quantum Chromodynamics

8

Fritzsch, Gell-Mann (1972)


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Problems of Standard Model

I s new physics knocking on a doorIdentical matter families Anew level of

elementarity?

Hierarchy problem (lifting all mases to the highest

Planck Mass) Supersymmetry?

Too many symmetries Where do they come from

and how? Dynamical or igin?

Gravitation I s gravity an elementary force as

others?

Phenomenology- abnormal weakness of gravity force:proton electromagnetic constant - 301374

21.)/(

/ e

proton gravity constant -19

10

Pp MmG /

Extra Space-Time dimensions?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problem


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Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

LHC preaccelerators

P, Pb, PS, SPS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LHC.svg


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A T L A S

CMS - experiment


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Lecture for Undergrads