1 The Hydropower Workers’ Song Heave! Ho! Heave! Heave, ahHeave!Ho! Heave! Heave, ah Cut the...

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The Hydropower Workers’ Song

Heave! Ho! Heave! Heave, ah Heave! Ho! Heave!Heave, ah

Cut the mount, split the ridge, 1000 mountains, 10,000 riversOur footprints, the iron dragon rolls, transmitting light;

Let burning ambition illuminate Heaven and Earth, cherish the majestic hydropower!

Man, winds, and rains, how many springtimes of lofty sentimentWritten on the great Earth; ‘tis the springtime of hydropower

The heavens ablaze with color, la! la!We’re a new generation, a new generation of hydropower workers,

a new generationOur achievements endure a thousand years, good for the country,

good for the peopleMorning is coming

Bringing the people an undying star!

The four seas are our home, we work night and day, seeking brilliance

Our spirits, iron and steel our army, tenaciously advancing;Let the Jade Emperor above be struck with awe, pleased with the

tribute of hydropowerMan, hot blood forged into rivers, bold science and technologyCreating a glorious industry, from the high ridges come plains

The waters reflecting white clouds, la!A new generation of hydro workers, bringing fortune to the

fatherland, to the peopleThe march of modernized construction brings the people an

undying starMorning!

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Substations and Subregions

Large-scale hydropower and local development in Yunnan and southwest China

Darrin Magee, Ph.D.

dmagee@u.washington.edu

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Presentation Outline Regional Development: Yunnan peripheral,

Yunnan central Economic, political, and cultural marginality Centrality to regional development policies

Details of Yunnan hydropower projects Decision-making & institutional challenges

Protection vs. Development Civil Society vs. Control Water Law vs. Bureaucratic Inertia

Suggestions for further research

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Centrality and Marginality

Development Frameworks and Major Energy Infrastructure Projects

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Regional Development: Domestic Western Development Strategy (西部大开发 )

Attempt to address coastal bias of reform era Emphases on transportation, power, & industry

Pan-Pearl River Delta (凡珠三角 ) 2004 Discussion Forum and Trade Negotiations on

Greater Pearl River Delta Cooperation & Development

Nine provinces from Fujian to Yunnan, plus Macao and Hong Kong (“9+2 Region”)

China Southern Power Grid (南方电网 )

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RD 1: China’s “West”

Yunnan

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Go West, Young Han?

Viewpoints on Western Development range from critical to optimistic “Internal colonisation” Further entrenchment and legitimacy for

longstanding patterns of resource extraction

or… Real concern on behalf of Beijing leadership to

seek more balanced development and address ~10:1 east/west gaps in per capita GDP

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Western Development Strategy Official launch in 2000 Centerpiece of 10th FYP (2001-2005) Increased direct fiscal transfers to west, along with

favorable loan terms for infrastructure projects Some critics argue that further subsidies are not the

answer, call for new methods for financing capital-intensive projects (e.g., securities markets)

Basic infrastructure, “ecological construction” Uncertainty about policies, but certainty that western

resources play a key role

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Key Projects (announced in 2000)Project Location

Ningxia-Tibet Railway Ningxia Province to Tibet

Chongqing-Huaihua Railway Chongqing Municipality to Huaihua City

Western regions road construction Various areas

Western regions airport construction Various areas

Chongqing light rail Chongqing Municipality

Sebei-Xining-Lanzhou gas pipeline Qinghai Province, Gansu Province

Qinghai 300,000-ton potash fertilizer factory Qinghai Province

Grain-for-Green project Various areas

Higher education basic infrastructure Various areas

Zipingpu Water Conservancy Sichuan

中国西部开发大事记 (2003)

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Electricity & Western Development Send Western Electricity East ( 西电东送 )

Among second set of major Western Development projects prioritized in 2001

Send Yunnan Power to Guangdong ( 滇电粤送 ) Ultra-high-voltage DC transmission lines (800 kV)

expected by 2010, aimed at reducing voltage losses resulting from long-distance transmission

Send Yunnan Electricity Outward ( 云电外送 ) Contract negotiations since late 1990s for power

sales to Thailand and later Vietnam

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China’s Hydro Bases: Baker’s Dozen?

Northeast11,983

N. Yellow6,408

Min-Zhe14,871

Lancang21,470

Dadu17,720

U. Yellow16,364.3

Jinsha59,080

Wu R.10,615

U. Yangtze28,897

Huxi7,735

Yarlung20,100

Nanpan/Red12,012

Nu30,000

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Money for Megawatts

Guangdong investment in infrastructure to support power transfers

Early 1990s… 2.39 B Yuan for Yunnan and Guangxi power

stations 35 M Yuan in design and planning work for

Xiaowan Dam on the Lancang Guangdong currently receives 30-40% of

power from external sources

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(Mis)perceived synergy?

Guangdong peak power demand occurs during summer

Yunnan’s peak hydropower generation output occurs during monsoon season (summer!)

yet… Need for flood control is also highest during

times of peak runoff into rivers (summer!)

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Three west-east corridors ( 通道 )

Beijing /

Tianjin area

Shanghai / Zhejiang / Jiangsu area

Guangdong / PRD

Northern Corridor

From: Yalong Tsangpo

& Yellow

To: Capital area

Middle Corridor

From: Jinsha/Upper Yangtze

To: Shanghai area

Southern Corridor

From: Lancang/Nu

To: Guangdong area

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RD 2: Pan-Pearl River Delta (PPRD)

PPRD Region

Pearl River Delta

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PPRD & China Southern Power Grid Severe power outages in Guangdong in

2003; PPRD created in 2004, with power transfers as a key component

Creation of new regions such as PPRD legitimize and naturalize certain policies and investment patterns

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PPRD InitiativesTopic Key Initiatives

Industry investment and basic infrastructure Science and technology, west-east electricity transmission, interprovincial highway construction

Market construction Quality control, commodity prices, intellectual property, enterprise collaboration, market oversight, trademark protection

Agriculture Agricultural technology, trade, key agro-industry promotion, specialized products, standardization of production bases, quality supervision and control

Regional environmental protection Air quality monitoring in delta area, environmental monitoring network and reporting over PPRD area

Tourism, labor, science, education, culture, sanitation, and health

Tourism cooperation, educational exchange and resource sharing; food and medication security; infectious disease prevention and reporting

Create a convenient platform for information exchange and a PPRD information network

Information network interlinking and maintenance for government offices; website management groups

Source: PPRD Office (2005)

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Yunnan Electricity to Guangdong Pan-Pearl River Delta Core: Guangdong’s Pearl River Delta

PPRD Region

Pearl River Delta

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Generation in the Southern Grid

Yunnan Guizhou Guangxi Guangdong Total

No. of Dams 145 81 56 41 323

Installed Capacity (MW) 88,200 14,663 14,515 2,680 20,058

Annual Output (Billion kWh)

437.3 65.64 64.4 9.68 577.07

Output as % of 4-Province Total

75.6 11.4 11.2 1.7

Population (millions) 41.457 36.646 46.74 71.30 196.14

Per capita output (MWh/person)

10.55 1.79 1.38 0.136 2.94

Source: (Ji & Duan, 2001)

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Thematic Map of Power Consumption

2,224.96 to 4,715.52

1,174.92 to 2,224.96

315.93 to 1,174.92

Annual per capita consumption 2004 (kWh/pers)

Data source: China Electric Power Yearbook Editorial Committee (Ed.) (2005)

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Yunnan: Guangdong’s Powershed? 2001-2005, some 24 B kWh sent from

Yunnan to Guangdong, even while rolling blackouts affected Yunnan

1993-2004, increase in dedicated generation capacity from 300 to 1800 MW

Much of Lancang (Mekong) cascade capacity will be for Guangdong

Yunnan likely to become sole supplier in near future based on growing demand in Guangxi

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Why “Powershed”?

Obvious analogy to watershed; space over which a resource is collected/concentrated

Underscores the fact that Yunnan hydro is not simply a Yunnan issue, and that familiar scalar analytics like provinces fail to capture the dynamics of interprovincial power transfers

Challenges comfortable rural-urban dichotomy Opens door for simultaneous examination of

political economic power relations

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Making the connection: grid linking Southern Grid: Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi,

Hainan, Guangdong 110-kV, 220-kV, 500-kV, and 800-kV (2010)

transmission lines coexisting in porous grid Southern Grid and China Power Grid ( 中国南

方电网和中国电网 ) both formerly housed under the Ministry of Electric Power; split off in 2002

Goal to create national grid by ~2015

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Challenges to grid interlinking Differing voltages necessitate step-down or

step-up stations ( 调度站 ) Numerous local, low-voltage grids across

Yunnan (and other provinces) Some in poor areas with little or no infrastructure Some in rich areas with sufficient infrastructure

and little incentive (at present) to interconnect Debate about national grid architecture

网对网 (grid to grid) vs 点对网 (point to grid)

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Regional Development: International Mekong River Commission ( 湄公河委员会 )

Half-century history; re-established in 1995 Entrenched perception of “MRC vs China” Little incentive for China to join, yet some recent

progress in technical cooperation Greater Mekong Subregion ( 大湄公河次区域 )

Launched by Asian Development Bank in 1992 Seen as less of a political challenge than MRC

ASEAN ( 东盟 )

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GMS: Naturalizing the Subregion

Nepal

India

China

Bhutan

Bangladesh

Vietnam

Myanmar

Thailand

Cambodia

Laos

Yunnan

GMS

5 nation-states, one province-state; call for inclusion of second Chinese province (Guizhou), but not Tibet

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GMS: Power, transport, tourism, trade First transborder power sales from Yunnan to

Vietnam via Hekou/Lao Cai in fall 2004 Second GMS leaders summit held in

Kunming in July 2005 Agreements on electrical grid development and

interconnection, trans-border movement of people and goods, disease prevention, etc.

Within Yunnan, GMS construct frequently deployed as justification for infrastructure investments (cf. Tibet)

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GMS Projects

Agriculture Energy Environment Human Resources Investment Telecom Tourism Trade Transport Multisector Second GMS Leaders Summit in Kunming,

July 2005

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GMS Transportation Loans to PRC

12/2004 Loan 2116: Dali-Lijiang Railway

9/2004 Loan 2094: Guangxi Roads Development Project II

10/2003 Loan 2014: Western Yunnan Roads Development Project

10/2001 Loan 1851: Guangxi Roads Development Project

9/1994 Loan 1325: Yunnan Expressway

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GMS Transportation (partial)3/2006 RETA 6310: Development Study on GMS North-South Economic Corridor

12/2005 TA 4742: GMS Northern Transport Network Improvement

9/2005 TA 4657: Preparing the Railway Development Project (Yunnan-Yuxi Mengzi Railway)

8/2005 RETA 6251: GMS Rehabilitation of the Railway in Cambodia

3/2005 RETA 6235: GMS Southern Coastal Corridor

12/2004 RETA 6227: Coordinating for GMS: North-South Economic Corridor Bridge Project (formerly Third Mekong Bridge)

12/2004 RETA 6228: Facilitating Cross-Border Trade and Investment in the GMS

10/2004 RETA 6193: GMS Infrastructure Connections in Northern Laos (SSTA); RETA 6195: GMS Transport Sector Strategy Study

12/2002 TA 4050: Prep Kunming-Haiphong Transport Corridor Project-Viet Nam

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GMS Regional Power Trade (RPT)1/2006 RETA 6304: GMS RPT Coordination & Development; Also RETA 6301:

Developing the GMS Energy Sector Strategy

3/2004 RETA 4323: TA to the Lao PDR for Preparing the GMS: Nam Theun 2 (NT2) Hydropower Development Project- Phase II

12/2003 RETA 6147: Preparing the GMS Power Interconnection Phase I

1/2003 TA 4078: GMS: Cambodia Preparing the Power Distribution and GMS Transmission Project

11/2002 RETA 6100: TA to Study a GMS RPT Operating Agreement

7/2000 RETA 5920: Regional Indicative Master Plan on Power Interconnection

7/1999 RETA 3222: Se San 3 Hydropower – Viet Nam

7/1997 RETA 2926: Nam Ngum 500 kV Transmission – Lao PDR

8/1996 RETA 5697: Se Kong-Se San & Nam Theun Basins Hydro Dev Study

9/1995 RETA 5643: Subregional Electric Power Forum

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Transboundary power sales

Power sold to Vietnam at higher tariff than to Guangdong or elsewhere in China

Transboundary transmissions to Vietnam currently occur over low-voltage (110-kV) lines, but plans underway to complete 220-kV circuit to Vietnam by late 2006 and 500-kV circuit to Thailand via Laos

Late 1990s negotiations between Thailand and Yunnan for joint investment in dams along with power purchase agreements; yet loud criticisms within Thailand of “Chinese” dams

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Water to Watts

Details of Lancang (Mekong) and Nu (Salween) hydropower development

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River as Power Source Major push underway since mid-1980s to develop

large-scale hydropower on Yunnan’s rivers Lancang-Mekong

4800 km long (1200 in YN) 6 countries

Nu-Salween 2800 km long (600 in YN) 3 countries

Jinsha-Chang-Yangtze Concern over impacts Great uncertainty Manwan Dam

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Project Details

Yunnan

Guangdong

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China has half the world’s large1 dams (20K) TGP: 18,200 MW installed capacity

Hoover Dam: 2,067 MW Grand Coulee: 6,809 MW Columbia River: 24,149 MW

Lancang (Mekong) cascade: 16,150 MW Nu (Salween) cascade: 21,320 MW Concerns about downstream impacts and

resettlement of thousands of villagers

Background: Hydropower Potential

1. WCD: >15 m high; China: >250 MW

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Regional Power Consumption Trends

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

10,0

00 k

Wh

Yunnan

Guangdong

Fujian

Shanghai

Tianjin

Beijing

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Urban Power Consumption Trends

Urban Electricity Consumption

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

Ter

awat

t-h

ou

rs (

TW

h)

Guangzhou

Shenzhen

Dongguan

Kunming

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Power Consumption by Region

N NE E SC SW NW

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

600010

0 M

kW

h

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Middle & Lower Lancang Cascade

Dam NameInstalled Capacity

(MW)

Annual Output (Twh)

Start Date End Date

Dam Height

(m)

(Est.) Cost (Billion Yuan)

Reservoir Volume

(billion m3)

Gongguoqiao

功果桥 a 750 4.060 2006-2007 2010-2015 130 3.8 0.51

Xiaowan

小湾 b 4,200 18.89 January 2002 2012 292 22.3 to 27.7 15.13

Manwan

漫湾 c 1,500 7.805 May 1986 1995 132 3.4d 1.06

Dachaoshan

大朝山 e 1,350 6.70 August 1997 October 2003 120.5 8.9 0.88

Nuozhadu

糯扎渡 b 5,850 23.684* End of 2005 2017 260 35.3 22.74

Jinghong

景洪 b 1,750 7.931 2004 2009-2013 107 17 1.23

Ganlanba

橄榄坝 a 150 0.899 ? ? ? 0.6 ?

Mengsong

勐宋 a 600 2.888 ? ? 65 2.2 ?

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Lancang (Mekong) River 澜沧江

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Xiaowan Dam Site

292 m tall ~25 B Yuan (~ $3B US)

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Middle & Lower Nu CascadeDam Name

InstalledCapacity (MW)

Annual Output(Twh)

Start Date(Est)

End Date (Est)Dam Height(m)

(Est.) Cost (Billion Yuan)

Songta 松塔 4,200 17.87 2006-2007 2020-2030 307 19.7

Bingzhongluo 丙中洛 1,600 8.34 ? 2020-2030 54.5 5.2

Maji 马吉 4,200 18.97 2006-2007 2015-2020 300 18.5

Lumadeng 鹿马登 2,000 10.09 ? 2020-2030 165 9.1

Fugong 福贡 400 1.98 ? 2020-2030 60 2.3

Bijiang 碧江 1,500 1.18 ? 2015-2020 71.4 5.9

Yabiluo 亚碧罗 1,800 9.06 2006-2007 2015-2020 133 6.0

Lushui 泸水 2,400 12.74 ? 2015-2020 175 8.8

Liuku 六库 180 0.76 2006-2007 2015-2020 35.5 0.9

Shitouzai 石头寨 440 2.29 ? 2020-2030 59 2.3

Saige 赛格 1,000 5.37 2006-2007 2015-2020 79 3.6

Yansangshu 岩桑树 1,000 5.2 ? 2015-2020 84 4.4

Guangpo 光坡 600 3.15 ? 2020-2030 58 2.9

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Nu (Salween) River 怒江

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Institutional Challenges

I: Environmental Impact Assessment Law vs. “Development First” Paradigm

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Development vs. Protection Middle & Lower Nu River Hydropower Planning

Report submitted to the NDRC in July 2003 Environmental Assessment Law promulgated in

September 2003. Nu River (Upper Salween) widely seen as a test case for “teeth” of law and enforcement capabilities of State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA)

March 2004: Call for suspension of Nu projects November 2004: Lancang EIA meeting held, but

closed to public October 2006: Minister of Water Resources Wang

Shucheng calls Nu projects “predatory development”

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Projects halted due to EIA LawResponsible Company Project

Three Gorges Project Corp. Jinsha R. Xiluodu Hydro Station (12600 MW)

Three Gorges Project Corp. TGP Underground Power Gen. (4200 MW)

Three Gorges Project Corp. TGP Power Supply station (100MW)*

Taicang Harbor Env. Prot. Power Gen. Co. Jiangsu Taicang Harbor 4th stage 2×600MW exp.

Xuzhou Huaxin Power Gen. Co. Jiangsu Xuzhou 2×300 MW exp.

Jiangsu Xutang Power Gen. Co. Jiangsu Xutang 2×300 MW exp.

Jiangyin Sulong Power Gen. Co. Jiangyinxia Harbor 2×330 MW exp.

Jiangsu Huadian Yangzhou Power Gen. Co. Thermal power & heat supply 2×300MW

Xiamen Huaxia Int’l Electric Power Dev Co. Xiamen Songyu Stn. 2nd Stage 2×300MW exp.

Baotou East China Thermal Power Co. Thermal power & heat supply 2×300 MW

Qingyuan No. 1 Power Gen. Co. Gansu Qingyuan Stn. 3rd Stage 2×300 MW exp.

Ningxia Power Generation Group Co. Ningxia Maliantai Stn. 2×330 MW

Jiangsu Xinhai Power Gen. Co. Jiangsu Xinhai 2×300 MW Power & Heat Supply Exp.

Datang Int’l Stock Co. Zhejiang Datang Wushashan Stn. 4×600 MW

Inner Mongolia Huolin River Power Gen. Co. Inner Mongolia Huolin 2×300 MW

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Projects halted due to EIA Law (cont’d)Responsible Company Project

Qufu Shengcheng Thermal Power Co. Qufu Shengcheng 2×200MW

Sichuan Electric Power Co. Nanchong-Wanxian 500-kV transmission project

Sichuan Electric Power Co. Guang’an-Nanchong 500-kV transmission project

Fujian Province Electric Power Co.Fujian Power Grid Xiamen Hepu R. Transformer Stn. 500-kV power conversion & transmission project

China Guodian Group Ningxia Shizuishan 2×330 MW tech upgrade

China Huadian Group Guizhou Dafang 4×300 MW

Guodian Xuanwei Power Generation Co. Yunnan Xuanwei Stn. 7th Stage 2×300 MW exp.

Henan Zhongfu Industry Stock Co. Henan Zhongfu 2×300 MW exp.

Inner Mongolia Xinfeng Thermal Power Co. Xinfeng 2×300 MW power and heat supply

Inner Mong. Zhungeer Dafanpu Power Stn. Dafanpu Power Stn. 2×300 MW

Nanjing Suyuan Thermal Power Co. Suyuan Thermal Power Co. 2nd stage 2×300 MW power & heat supply

China Nat’l Petroleum & Natural Gas Co. Lanzhou Petrochem Stock Co. 1.2 Megaton/year delayed coking project

Foshan Huafeng Paper Industries Co. Upgrade to 300 kiloton/year high-grade paper project

Inner Mongolia Transportation Bureau Portion of Dandong-Lhasa highway project

Fuzhou City Development & Reform Comm.Fujian Min R. North Harbor Southside Flood Prev. Project and South R. road construction project

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Institutional Challenges

II: Civil society vs. Legal Regulations on Organizations

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Civil Society Organizations

Since late 1990s, increasing concern among NGOs in downstream countries about impacts of Chinese development of upstream waters

Strong anti-dam NGO community in Thailand; no real analog in China

Complicated by transboundary power sales More recent development of organizations mobilized

around environmental and cultural preservation within China

“Safe” topics, but idea of non-state organizations generally troubling to China’s leadership

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Fine print: dual oversight

CSOs could formerly register with industrial or commercial bureaucracy as “non-enterprise units”

Registration with the Ministry of Civil Affairs Adoption by a professional bureaucracy (forestry,

agricultural, transportation, science and technology, etc.) that agrees to oversee the organization

Theoretically, only one organization at any one administrative level focused on same issue

Many (80%?) exist peacefully below regulatory radar as long as focus of work is not considered sensitive (eg. poverty alleviation)

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Fine Print 2 (2005)

No longer allowed to register with industrial and commerce bureaucracy as non-enterprise (or non-profit) units; instead, MUST register with civil affairs

Law targeted unregistered organizations and those with “social science”, “research center”, or “research institute” in their names

Two-week deadline given for re-registration with civil affairs administration

Case of Green Watershed and Yu Xiaogang

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Institutional Challenges

III: Bureaucratic Jockeying vs. Water Law

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Analysis of decision making

Decision making about hydropower. Who is at the table? What leverage do they have? How is this changing?

Reforms in water and electricity sector since mid-1990s have left many conflicts, overlaps, and ambiguities

Process depends on perspective

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Perspective 1: Hydro Companies

Formerly part of central ministry Restructuring from 1996 to 2002 changed the

shape of hydropower development authorities, but perhaps not the way they do business

Maintenance of direct connections to Energy Bureau of NDRC, and State Council

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Ministry to SOE to Stock Company

Ministry of Electric Power

(<1998)

State Power Corp. of China

(1998-2002)

China Huadian

China Datang

China Power Investment

China Guodian

China Huaneng

Generation Companies

Design Companies

Grid Companies

State Power Grid Southern Power Grid

China Gezhouba Co.

Sinohydro Corporation

China Hydro Consulting

China Power Engineering

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Perspective 2: Basin Commission CWRC: One of seven watershed

commissions that are neither local nor national in administrative scope

50 years as technical agency; less than five as an enforcement authority

Chicken and egg: comprehensive plan vs. hydropower plan

Hydro leading planning; authority of CWRC being skirted.

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Watershed (Basin) Commission prepares comprehensive plan

Developer solicits project pre-feasibility

study

Pre-feasibility study approved by Basin

Commission

Developer solicits technical plan & feasibility study

Input from local gov’t & central ministries

(forestry, transportation, navigation, agriculture

water, SEPA)

Developer begins work on project

(bidding, contracting)

Feasibility study & plan approved by

Basin Commission

Survey & Design Institute(s)

Survey & Design Institute(s)

Developer submits project application

report

Basin Commission approves project application report

Potential State

Council Intervention

Construction Companies

Survey & Design Institute(s)

Banks and other financiers

Decision-Making Process from CWRC Perspective

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Developer makes initial project proposal

NDRC approves project concept

YDRC approves detailed proposal

NDRC approves detailed proposal

Input from local gov’t & central ministries

(forestry, transportation, navigation, agriculture

water, SEPA)

Developer begins work on project

(bidding, contracting)

Survey & Design Institute(s)

Survey & Design Institute(s)

Developer submits project application

NDRC approves project application

Potential State

Council Intervention

Construction CompaniesSurvey & Design

Institute(s)

Banks and other financiers

Input from local governments

Developer prepares detailed proposal

Decision-Making Process from Company Perspective

60

Further Research

Water, Power, Economic Development, Decision Making, Environmental and Human Health

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Science and Sustainability

大型水电 = 可再生能源 (large hydro = renewable resource)

Frequent conflation of scientific development sustainable development Implication: If it’s “scientific,” it’s sustainable

Whose scientists produce the science?

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Nu/Salween Hydropower Cascade Key arguments that have brought large-scale

hydro into question If Nu 13-dam cascade is cancelled,

implications for local development Implications for pluralization of decision-

making processes regarding natural resources and local development

63

South-North Water Diversion

Three routes Eastern, Central, Western

Technical issues Pollution & human health impacts Environmental impacts High-altitude transfers

Jurisdictional issues Basin commissions Provincial D & R commissions

64

Small-scale hydropower

Often touted as benign alternative Run-of-river vs. impoundment Local and inexpensive technology Minimal investment

Less oversight, more shortcuts Approval at prefecture/city level or lower Start first, approve later Few controls on construction Little incentive to integrate with grid