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The Periodic Table
Classification
And Trends
The s-, p-, d-, and –f block Elements
s-Block Elements
s-Block ElementsGroup-1 Alkali Metals
• Includes_________________ but not ____.• end with _____• Example:______________________________• These are all ______ metals (can be cut with a
knife)• They are SO REACTIVE they are not found in
nature as _____ _________ but always in compounds ex. ______
• So Reactive they often react with _____ and ________ !!!!
• React strongly with ____________ (chlorine)
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr H
s1
Li: 1s22s1 Na: 1s22s22p63s1
soft
free elementsNaCl
airwater
halogens
X
s-Block Elements Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals
• Includes:_________________________• Ends with ____• Ex:______________________________• __________, __________, __________,
than Alkali Metals• Still ____ _________ to be found as free
elements
• Always in ___________ ex. CaCo3
(Calcium Carbonate – “Limestone”)
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
s2
Mg 1s22s22p63s2 Ca 4s2
stronger denser harder
too reactive
compounds
d-Block ElementsTransition Metals
d-Block ElementsTransition Metals
• Includes Groups ___ - ___• Ex.______________________________• ________ metals, ______ reactive• Some not reactive at all: ______, ________,
and ____________ - have never been found in compound
• Compounds are __________!! (ex. CuSO4 – Copper Sulfate – blue)
• Outer sublevel are __ and __• Ex. Nickel __________________
3 12
gold, iron, silver, nickel, copper
typical less
gold platinum
palladium
colorful
s d
[Ar] 4s23d8
p-Block Elements
p-Block Elements
• 3 categories:– ________– ____________– _________
• End with ___ and ___ sublevels
• Ex. Chlorine____________
s p
1s22s22p63s23p5
metalsnon-metals
metalloids
Halogens (Group 17 (7A))
• Includes: _______________________• most ________ non-metals• react with metals to form _______
ex. _________• 1 electron _________ of stable noble
gas notation, so usually gain 1 electron to make _________ (ex. Cl-)
F, Cl, Br, I, (At)
active
saltNaCl
short
1- ion
Metalloids
X
Metalloids
• along __________________ (not Al)
• includes: ________________________
• both metal and non-metal properties
zig-zag line / staircase
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, (At)
f-Block Elements
Lanthanides
Actinides
f-Block Elements
• Period 6: Lanthanides– _______ metals like alkaline earth metals– ex. Cerium
• Period 7: Actinides– ALL are ____________ - no known stable
isotopes!!!!– ex. __________, ___________
shiny
radioactive
Uranium plutonium
Valence Electrons
Trends in the Periodic Table
Valence Electrons
• These are the _________electrons, and the electrons available to be _______ or ______ in chemical compounds
• The presence of ______ valence electrons is chemically ______
• Elements tend to react to acquire the stable electron structure of a ___________.
outer most
gained lost
8stable
noble gas
IONS
• An atom or group of bonded atoms with a _____________ or ___________ charge.
positive
negative
Positive Ions
• Are called ___________
• They form when an atom ____________ electrons.
• Example: Sodium
CATIONS
LOSES
Protons: 11+
Electrons: 10-
Na 1+ ion
Negative Ions
• Are called _________.
• They form when an atom _______ electrons.
• Example: Chlorine
ANIONS
GAINS
Protons: 17+
Electrons: 18-
Na 1- ion
How are ions formed?
Electron Dot Structure
• Consists of the element’s ________ and ____ representing the atom’s VALENCE electrons.
• Ex.
symbol dots
Na Cl
Valence electron periodic trends
Group Valence Electrons
Ion Tendency
ExampleElectron
Dot Structure
1 (1A)
2 (2A)
13 (3A)
14 (4A)
15 (5A)
16 (6A)
17 (7A)
18 (8A)
5
2
3
6
7
4
1
8
1+
2+
3+
3-
1-
2-
stable
Na+
Ca2+
Al3+
P3-
O2-
Cl-
Na
Ca
Al
P
O
Cl
C
Ne
Questions???
• What is the electron dot structure for
a) Sulfur?
b) Magnesium?
Questions???
• How many valence electrons do the following elements have?
a) Silicon?
b) Oxygen?
4
6
Questions???
• Predict the ion for
a) Aluminum?
b) Strontium?
Al3+
Sr2+
Questions???
• Do the following elements typically gain or lose electrons?
a) Fluorine?
b) Cesium?
It’s a non-metal
So…. GAINS 1
It’s a metal
so…. LOSES 1