The Periodic Table

Classification

And Trends

The s-, p-, d-, and –f block Elements

s-Block Elements

s-Block ElementsGroup-1 Alkali Metals

• Includes_________________ but not ____.• end with _____• Example:______________________________• These are all ______ metals (can be cut with a

knife)• They are SO REACTIVE they are not found in

nature as _____ _________ but always in compounds ex. ______

• So Reactive they often react with _____ and ________ !!!!

• React strongly with ____________ (chlorine)

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr H

s1

Li: 1s22s1 Na: 1s22s22p63s1

soft

free elementsNaCl

airwater

halogens

X

s-Block Elements Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals

• Includes:_________________________• Ends with ____• Ex:______________________________• __________, __________, __________,

than Alkali Metals• Still ____ _________ to be found as free

elements

• Always in ___________ ex. CaCo3

(Calcium Carbonate – “Limestone”)

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

s2

Mg 1s22s22p63s2 Ca 4s2

stronger denser harder

too reactive

compounds

d-Block ElementsTransition Metals

d-Block ElementsTransition Metals

• Includes Groups ___ - ___• Ex.______________________________• ________ metals, ______ reactive• Some not reactive at all: ______, ________,

and ____________ - have never been found in compound

• Compounds are __________!! (ex. CuSO4 – Copper Sulfate – blue)

• Outer sublevel are __ and __• Ex. Nickel __________________

3 12

gold, iron, silver, nickel, copper

typical less

gold platinum

palladium

colorful

s d

[Ar] 4s23d8

p-Block Elements

p-Block Elements

• 3 categories:– ________– ____________– _________

• End with ___ and ___ sublevels

• Ex. Chlorine____________

s p

1s22s22p63s23p5

metalsnon-metals

metalloids

Halogens (Group 17 (7A))

• Includes: _______________________• most ________ non-metals• react with metals to form _______

ex. _________• 1 electron _________ of stable noble

gas notation, so usually gain 1 electron to make _________ (ex. Cl-)

F, Cl, Br, I, (At)

active

saltNaCl

short

1- ion

Metalloids

X

Metalloids

• along __________________ (not Al)

• includes: ________________________

• both metal and non-metal properties

zig-zag line / staircase

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, (At)

f-Block Elements

Lanthanides

Actinides

f-Block Elements

• Period 6: Lanthanides– _______ metals like alkaline earth metals– ex. Cerium

• Period 7: Actinides– ALL are ____________ - no known stable

isotopes!!!!– ex. __________, ___________

shiny

radioactive

Uranium plutonium

Valence Electrons

Trends in the Periodic Table

Valence Electrons

• These are the _________electrons, and the electrons available to be _______ or ______ in chemical compounds

• The presence of ______ valence electrons is chemically ______

• Elements tend to react to acquire the stable electron structure of a ___________.

outer most

gained lost

8stable

noble gas

IONS

• An atom or group of bonded atoms with a _____________ or ___________ charge.

positive

negative

Positive Ions

• Are called ___________

• They form when an atom ____________ electrons.

• Example: Sodium

CATIONS

LOSES

Protons: 11+

Electrons: 10-

Na 1+ ion

Negative Ions

• Are called _________.

• They form when an atom _______ electrons.

• Example: Chlorine

ANIONS

GAINS

Protons: 17+

Electrons: 18-

Na 1- ion

How are ions formed?

Electron Dot Structure

• Consists of the element’s ________ and ____ representing the atom’s VALENCE electrons.

• Ex.

symbol dots

Na Cl

Valence electron periodic trends

Group Valence Electrons

Ion Tendency

ExampleElectron

Dot Structure

1 (1A)

2 (2A)

13 (3A)

14 (4A)

15 (5A)

16 (6A)

17 (7A)

18 (8A)

5

2

3

6

7

4

1

8

1+

2+

3+

3-

1-

2-

stable

Na+

Ca2+

Al3+

P3-

O2-

Cl-

Na

Ca

Al

P

O

Cl

C

Ne

Questions???

• What is the electron dot structure for

a) Sulfur?

b) Magnesium?

Questions???

• How many valence electrons do the following elements have?

a) Silicon?

b) Oxygen?

4

6

Questions???

• Predict the ion for

a) Aluminum?

b) Strontium?

Al3+

Sr2+

Questions???

• Do the following elements typically gain or lose electrons?

a) Fluorine?

b) Cesium?

It’s a non-metal

So…. GAINS 1

It’s a metal

so…. LOSES 1