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Post-industrial redevelopment and the mega-region
New strategies for the sustainable city of the 21st century
1 Introduction
Decline of Manufacturing in U.S. Manufacturing employment: 1950 = 34%; 2004 = 13%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor & Statics
1 Introduction
Great Recession of 2008 Exacerbated manufacturing decline Closing of facilities Lay-offs of workers
Manufacturing base relocating Inexpensive labor Reduced costs
1 Introduction
Transformation of U.S. from manufacturing to innovation economy Affects urban form of cities
Population decline Income reduction Tax receipt reduction Vacant buildings
1 Introduction
Reinventing U.S. Post-Industrial Cities Centers for creativity and innovation Reclaim post-industrial districts Create mixed-uses Invest in infrastructure
Transportation Communications technology
Develop business incubators Attract Creative Class Adopt smart Growth practices Embrace sustainable design to
promote compact, livable cities
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statics, 2008
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Post-Industrial Coined by Daniel Bell in 1973 Economic transition from manufacturing- to service-based
Smart Growth Don Carter, Director of Remaking Cities Institute Shrinking cities have best attributes
Walkable neighborhoods Affordable housing Historic downtowns and main streets Strong universities, hospitals, cultural amenities Unused infrastructure capacity Public transit Abundant potable water
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Urban Metabolism Richard Florida Cities grow in GDP Innovation Patent activity
Maximizing Urban Metabolism Urban shrinkage Geographical consolidation Revitalization of post-industrial districts
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Transportation & Communications Networks Consolidate Regions Physically Virtually
U.S. Highway System of 1950s-1960s Accommodate increase of personal vehicles Destroyed urban fabric Transported jobs & people away from city
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Transit Corridors John Norquist, CEO Congress for New New Urbanism Not feasible to exclude traffic from cities Accommodate all modes of transportation
Pedestrians Bicycles Mass Transit Vehicles
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Eurallile, Lille, France, 1989-Present 800,000 m2 (8.6 million ft2) new urban activities 120 hectares (297 acres) Shopping, offices, parking, new TGV station, hotels,
housing, concert/congress hall
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Euralille New TGV Line Links Lille, Brussels, Paris Rem Koolhaas, Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) Conventional urban “programs” have become abstract No longer connected to place or city “Float and gravitate opportunistically” Offer highest number & quality of connections
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Euralille – Post-Industrial Paradigm Model for U.S. cities Values & experiences of modern architecture & living
Universally shared Irreversible
Transportation & global communication Make every place, everyone accessible physically,
virtually
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
U.S. High Speed Rail (HSR) Existing & new rail corridors Tri-State HSR St. Louis/Chicago/Milwaukee-Madison/Minneapolis-St. Paul
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Annual Benefits to Chicago Metro Area of HSR $13.8 billion increase in business sales Add 104,000 new jobs Additional $5.5 billion in wages
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Economic Benefits of HSR to U.S. Midwest Revitalize manufacturing New train production Create new economic growth sectors
Agri-business Sustainable technology Bio-medicine Manufacturing Education
2 Developing Regional Metabolism
Increasing “Creative Capital” Mixed-use transportation nodes & epicenters Flexible programs Sustainable planning & infrastructure development Attract people, services, new technologies, clean industries
3 Case Studies
Mid-size U.S. Cities in Midwest Successful transformations of industrial districts Compact Existing infrastructures City services Buildings Skilled & educated people
3 Case Studies
Milwaukee, WI Located on SW shore of Lake Michigan 90 miles (145km) north of Chicago City of Milwaukee population = 594,833 Greater Milwaukee population = 1,751,316
3 Case Studies
Milwaukee’s Third Ward Craftsmen, artists, artisans can fit with small-scale
manufacturing (Norquist) Galleries, condos, ships, restaurants, wholesale produce,
machine shops 2,000 new residents since 1983
3 Case Studies
Milwaukee’s Third Ward Milwaukee Intermodal Station (2007) Amtrak, Greyhound bus lines, Jefferson Lines intercity bus Midwest High- Speed Rail (MWHSR)
$800 million federal funds allocated in 2010 Upper Midwest mega-region Chicago, Milwaukee-Madison, WI, Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN
3 Case Studies
Minneapolis, MN Located on both banks of Mississippi River Minneapolis/St. Paul 16th largest U.S. metropolitan area 3.5 million residents Economy commerce, finance, publishing, milling, food
processing, high technology Headquarters of six Fortune 500 corporations
3 Case Studies
Minneapolis Warehouse District Originally shipping hub Epicenter of art scene during 1980s Recent developments: loft condominiums/apartments,
adaptive re-use of Gold Medal Flour Mill for museum, Guthrie Theater, Target Field
4 Conclusion
High-Speed Rail & Smart Growth Revitalize post-industrial cities Bring new sources of economic development Transportation nodes & communications technologies
Allow regions to prosper Attract capital investment Foster new industries & technologies Create wealth & jobs Reinvigorate metabolic flow of regions
