Phonetics:Study of Individual

Sounds

Overview

O PhoneticsO Articulatory PhoneticsO Vocal OrgansO International Phonetic AlphabetO Consonants and VowelsO Diphthongs and Triphthongs

What is Phonetics?O Study of human speech as a physical

phenomenon

1. Articulation2. Acoustics

Articulatory Phonetics

O Study of how speech sounds are produced by human vocal apparatus

1. Anatomy of Vocal Organs2. Air Stream Mechanism3. Voicing4. Articulation

Anatomy of Vocal Organs

Air-stream Mechanisms

1.Pulmonic 2.Glottic 3.Velaric

Pulmonic Sounds

Air flow is directed outwards the oral cavity

Pressure built by compression of lungs

Glottalic SoundsO There are two types of Glottalic

Airstream MechanismO Glottalic Egressive AirstreamO Glottalic Ingressive Airstream

Glottalic Egressive Sounds

O Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral cavity

O Pressure built by pushing up closed glottis

O Glottalic egressive sound [k]O These sounds are also called

EJECTIVES

Glottalic Ingressive Sounds

O Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity

O Pressure reduced by pulling down closed glottis

O Sindhi is an example of a language with implosives

Velaric SoundsO This is the

mechanism used to make click!!

O Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity

O Pressure reduced by forming velaric and alveolar closure and pulling down tongue

Articulatory Phonetics Anatomy of Vocal Organs Air Stream MechanismVoicingArticulation

VoicingVoicelessness p

s

Voice b z

Aspirated [ph]

Breathy Voice [bh]

ArticulationO Manners of Articulation O Places of Articulation

Consonants-Manners of Articulation

Stop t p

Fricative s f

Affricate ʧ dʒ

Approximant r j

Nasal n m

Lateral l

Trill B

StopsO Stops are sounds

produced as the airflow in oral cavity is bocked compressed and then released.

/p/palm

/t/tight

/k/key

/b/ball /d/dry /g/girl

FRICATIVESO They are sounds

that experience some kind of friction either against lips,teeth or tongue as they leave the oral cavity.

/f/ Fight

/θ/ Thanks

/s/ Sleep

/ʃ/Shark

/h/ Hakan

/v/ Very

/ð/This

/z/ zoo

/ʒ/viSİon

AffricatesO They appear to

be more complicated than others since they involve both blocking as well as friction.

/ʧ/ matCH

/dʒ/ Judge

NASALO Nasals resemble

plosives,except that there is a complete closure in the mouth,but as the velum is lowered the air can escape through the nasal cavity.

/m/ Mother

/n/Night

/ŋ/thiNG

LATERALO Consonant /l/is

produced with the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge blocking the airflow while slides of the tongue are down to let the air escape over the slides of tongue.

/l/ Low

APPROXIMANTSO Are sounds where

the tongue only approaches the roof of the mouth,so that there is not enough obstruction to create any friction.

/w/ Water

/r/Rain

/j/Yes

Places of Articulation

Consonants-Places of Articulation

Bilabial p b

Labio-dental f v

Inter-dental ð θ

Alveolar t d

Palato-Alveolar dʒ ʧ

Palatal j

Velar k g

Glottal h

BILABIALO Sounds are

produced when the lips are brought together

/p/ Pay /b/ Bye

/m/ May

LABIO-DENTALO These occur with

the involvement of lower lip and upper teeth.

/f/Flight /v/ Value

INTERDENTALO Sounds are

articulated with the coorperation of upper and lower teeth.

/θ/THree

/ð/THe

ALVEOLARO Sounds are made

by raising the tip of the tongue towards the ridge that is right behind the upper front teeth,called alveolar ridge

/t/ Trip /d/ Do

/s/ Sue /z/ Zoo

/n/Nook /l/ Look

PALATO-ALVEOLARO Sounds are made

by raising the blade of the tongue towards the part of the palate just behid the aveolar ridge.

/ʃ/preSSure

/ʒ/pleaSUre

/ʧ/batCH /dʒ/baDGe

/r/ Run

PALATALO Sound is very

similar to palato-alveolar ones,they are just produced further back towards the velum.

/j/ Yellow

VELARO Sounds are

produced as the back of tongue touches velar,an area between the palate and the soft palate.

/k/ King /g/ Green

/w/ Wife /ŋ/ kiNG

GLOTTALO Sound is

produced at the very back of the mouth.

/h/ Hole

Consonantal Sounds

Vowel-FeaturesO Low/HighO Back/FrontO RoundO Diphthongs/Triphthongs

IPA VOWELS CHART

DIPHTONGS and TRIPHTONGS

O Diphtongs are produced as a result of a gliding movement of tongue from one location to another in mouth.

O The difference between diphtongs and long vowels,however,is that the former contains two different vowels while the latter involves the lengthening of the original vowel

O Triphtongs:A combination of three vowel sounds in a single syllable,forming a simple or compound sound.

DIPHTONGS/TRIPHTONGS

/aʊ̯4ə̯4/ /aɪ̯4ə̯4/ /uə̯4u4 / /ɔɪ̯4ə̯4 / /u4ai 4/

hour higher

school

loir Uruguay

ACOUSTICS PHONETICS

Examines the physical properties of speech sounds as well as the

physical conditions through which sounds travel.

Periodic Sine WaveO Period: Time to complete one cycle

(sec)O Frequency: Number of cycles per

seconds(Hertz)O Amplitude: Maximum displacement

of a periodic wave (dB)

Spectrogram O Spectrogram is used to

identify phonetic sounds.O The most common format

is a graph wtih two geometric dimensions:the horizontal axis represents time,the vertical axis is frequency.

O A spectrogram produced by a spectrograph illustrates a time-frequency-ampitude presentation of a sound signal.