Phonetics 2

1

Pulmonic

Glottalic

Velaric

Dr. Hameed Al-ZubeiryPhonetics (1(

Lecture 2

Airstream Mechanisms

It refers to the movement of lung air by the

respiratory muscles. Most sounds are produced with

a pulmonic airstream mechanism

It refers to the means of initiating a speech sound,

including pulmonic, glottalic, and velaric.

mechanisms may be involved.

• Pulmonic Airstream Mechanism:


2

It refers to the movement of pharynx air by

the action of the glottis. An upward movement

of the closed glottis will move the air out of the

mouth; a downward movement of the closed

glottis will cause air to be sucked into the

mouth.

Glottalic Airstream Mechanism:


3

It refers to the movement of mouth air by

action of the tongue. There is a velar closure

formed by raising the back of the tongue

when using the velaric airstream mechanism.

• Velaric Airstream Mechanism:


4

Pulmonic Egressive Sounds

• Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral cavity

• Pressure built by compression of lungs

• English [p], [n], [s], [l], [e]

5


6

•Air flow is directed inwards (in going) from

the oral cavity into the lungs.

•The air pressure is forced to flow into the

lungs .

•Sound produced is similar to the sound

of gasp that made when the person is in

surprise


Glottalic Egressive Sounds (ejectives(

7

•Air flow is directed outwards towards the

oral cavity

•Pressure built by pushing up closed

glottis

•Georgian [p’], [t’], [k’]


Glottalic Ingressive Sounds (implosives(

•Air flow is directed inwards from the oral

cavity

• Pressure reduced by pulling down

closed glottis

•Hausa, Sindhi [ , ]ɓ ɠ


8

Velaric Ingressive Sounds

•Air flow is directed inwards from the

oral cavity

• Pressure reduced by forming velaric

and alveolar closure and pulling down

tongue

•Clicks [kissing , gee up]


9

Consonants (Non-pulmonic(


10

States of the glottis

11

The glottis refers to the space between the vocal folds.

Based on the actions of the vocal folds, the glottis

can assume four different shapes. This results in four

different types of phonation:

voiceless breathy or murmur

voiced creaky or laryngealized


The shape of the glottis


12

The vocal folds are pulled apart.

Air flows freely through the spread glottis.

Hence, vocal fold vibration does not occur and

no voicing is produced.

Truly voiceless sounds (like “f” and “s” in

English) involve little or no flow of air through the

glottis.

(1( Voiceless

Open glottis


13

The vocal folds are close together (but not

shut).

The air pushing through the constricted glottis

causes the vocal folds to vibrate, producing

voicing. /d,g,b/

(2( Voiced

vibrating glottis


14

The vocal folds are pulled apart but a greater

amount of air flows through them with

voiceless sounds, causing the vocal folds to

vibrate slightly. The murmur is represented by

[..]

English aha [aha] vs. heart [hart]

a[h]ead

(3( Breathy Voice ~ Murmur

Murmur


15

The vocal folds are closed between the arytenoid

cartilages but are open at the anterior end.

A large amount of air flow through the glottis causes

the vocal folds to vibrate slightly.

Indicated by a tilde under the sound:

Creaky voice in Mazatec Creaky

voice in Mpi

(4) Creaky Voice ~ Laryngealized

Creaky voice

Dr. Hameed Al-ZubeiryPhonetics (1)

16

The Glottal Stop [?]

The vocal folds are firmly pressed together so that air

cannot pass between them.

It is the sound that English speakers make between “

oh-oh” or the hamza in Arabic in a word like ““ حمدأ

Closed glottis


17

3 systems of speechRespiratoryPhonatory (Laryngeal)Articulatory (Supralaryngeal)

3 Airstream Mechanisms

4 States of the Glottis

Pulmonic (egressive & ingressive)Glottalic (egressive & ingressive)Velaric (ingressive)

VoicedVoicelessBreathy/MurmurCreaky/Laryngealized

Summary Summary


18

Education

Phonetics 2