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Phonetics and Phonemics

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Phonetics and Phonemics : The principle goal of PhoneticsPhonetics is to

provide an exact description of every known speech sound

Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language

PhonemicsPhonemics is used for the study of speech sounds as they are perceived of by speakers of particular language

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Phonetics : Articulatory phonetics

How any given speech sound is produced, with particular emphasis on anatomical detail

Acoustical phonetics The emphasis is on observable, measurable

characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds

Provides theoretical and experimental background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware

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Articulatory phonetics : The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe

speech sound in the terms of position of the vocal organs

Phonetic alphabetPhoneticians have had to devise their own

system of notation

IPA

ARPAbet

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Excitation Of The Speech System

Phonation Whispering Frication Compression Vibration

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Articulatory phonetics (consonants): Categories

Consonants: easy to define in anatomical terms Point of articulation:Point of articulation: this I the location of the principal constriction

in the vocal tract Bilabial Labiodental Apicodental Apicogingival Apicoalveolar Apicodomal Laminoalveolar Laminodomal Centrodomal Dorsovelar Pharyngeal Glottal

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…Consonants: Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at

the point of articulation and the manner of release into the following sound

Plosive Aspirated Affricative Fricative Lateral Semivowel Nasal Trill

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…Consonants: Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of

phonation Voiced Unvoiced

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Articulatory phonetics (vowels):Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants,

this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by

Tongue high or low Tongue front or back Lips rounded or unrounded Nasalized or unnasalized

Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another

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Articulatory phonetics :Diphthongs:Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound

in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another

Coarticulation:Coarticulation: No speech sound is produced accurately in

the context of other sound

Overlapping of phonetic features from phone to phone is termed coarticulationcoarticulation

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Phonemics : PhoneticsPhonetics is a view of speech sounds

considered in isolation from any languages

PhonemicsPhonemics is the view from within some specific language

PhonemesPhonetics: an individual sound is a phonephone

Phonemics: the smallest meaningful unit in a specific language is the phonemephoneme

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Phonemics (phonemes): A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a

given language that is sufficient to differentiate one word from another

Example: In English, Voicing is a feature which

distinguishes between two phonemes ‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’

In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in German

‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k]

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Phonemics (phonemes): The largest number of phoneme known is

45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in Hawaiian

English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29 to 45 phonemes, depending on how they are analyzed

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Phonemics (Allophones): A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically

similar sound which are accepted by the speakers of the language as being the same sound. Members of the set are called allophones.allophones.

Example:The /k/ in “kin” and “cup”.The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”.

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English PhonemesVowels

Semi-vowels

Fricatives

Nasals

Stops

Aspiration

uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae ehih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr ely r l el w

jh ch s sh z zh f th v dh

m n ng em en eng nx

b d g p t k dx q bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kclhv hh

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Parsian Phonemesواكه ها

o

u

a

e

i

G

g

k

c

d

t

p

b

)(

)(

يه، ي به ،

و،و

و

ا،آ

ها انفجاريبپط ت،دككگگق،غء

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Parsian Phonemes (Cont’d)سايشي

ها

h

Z

s

v

f

ها سايشي انفجاريفو

ص س، ث،

ظ ض، ذ، ز،

شژخ

ح ه،

t

dجچ

واكه شبهها

j

n

m

r

lلر

م

ن

يه، ي

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