Name_________________ Mountains, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes

S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.

c. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth.

Plate Boundaries

3 Kinds of Plate Boundaries

o _______________

o _______________

o _______________

Stress Due mostly to plate movements, the earth’s crust is under a lot of stress. There are 3 types:

o “A” occurs where plates pull apart, divergent

boundaries, and is called _____________________

o “B” occurs where plates converge, and is called

___________

o “C” occurs where plates move past each other, at

transform fault boundaries and is called

____________________

StrainStress leads to strain on the crust which bends it. If it is warm, under the ground, it can bend. The features are called _________. Upturned folds are _________________ while downturned folds are ___________.

Label

Or the rock may break, if it is brittle. This causes _____________ –breaks of the earth.

Different faults

Faults move in different ways, depending on the type of stress on them. Remember “3” types form.

1. ________________________2. ________________________3. ________________________

Plate Tectonic and Mountain FormationThe most common types of mountains:

1. ____________________: from when rock layers are squeezed together

and pushed upward –Ural Mountains (Russian)

2. ____________________: form when tension causes land to drop down –

Teton Range (USA)

3. ____________________: molten material rises to the Earth’s surface

and erupts on the surface - Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa)

Mountain FormationMountains can be a result of:

1. ___________________________ (Himalayan Mountains; Alps in Europe)

2. ______________________ (Mount Kilimanjaro-Africa; Parícutin-Mexico)

3. ______________________ (Mauna Kea- Hawaiian Islands)

4. ______________________ (Andes Mountains)

5. ______________________ (Mt. Oraefajokull -Iceland: Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

Continent-Continent CollisionWhen ____________________ crust pushes against ____________________ crust both sides of the convergent boundary have the same properties.Neither side of the boundary wants to sink beneath the other side, and as a result the two plates ________________________________ and the crust buckles and cracks, __________________ (and down into the mantle), forming ____________

__________________________________

Examples: 1. ___________________________

2. ___________________________

Basic Earthquake Facts

Mostly happen along/on _____________________________

____________________ can record earthquakes from all over the world above

2.5-3 on magnitude scale

___________________________________________________

Earthquakes _____________________ – The shaking and trembling that results from the

sudden movement of part of the Earth’s crust Scientists predict over ________________________ earthquakes happen each

year ________________________ is most common reason for Earthquakes

Fukushima’s EarthquakeAn earthquake shook Fukushima in 11th March 2011. It caused a _______________.

Tsunamis Also called _________________________

Large ocean waves caused by an ________________________________

Ocean floor _______________________________________________.

Can also be caused by a ______________________________________.

Remember this huge wave is caused ________________________________

They can travel at speeds of _____________________- MPH

They can reach heights of ____________ (the height of a 6 Story Building)

Seismic Waves

Earthquake waves are known as ___________________________

____________- The point beneath the Earth’s surface where rocks break and move

The focus is the point of origin for the earthquake

______________________- Directly above the focus on the Earth’s surface

Earthquake waves reach the epicenter first

__________________________-

“P-waves”: Seismic waves that travel the __________________

They arrive at a given point before any other type of wave

They travel through: _____________, ____________, ____________

They move through the Earth differently depending on the material they are traveling through

As they move deeper into the Earth, where it is more dense, they move

faster

They are _________________________________

Secondary Waves

___________________ – Seismic waves that do not travel through the Earth as fast as P-waves do

S-waves arrive at a given point after P-waves do

S-waves travel through ____________________ but not liquids and gases

Surface Waves

L-waves: They are the ____________________________________

They ___________________________________________________________

They start at the epicenter and move along the Earth’s surface

Earth’s surface _____________________________ like water waves do

They ___________________________ to the Earth because they bend and twist the surface

Seismograph

____________________ – An instrument that detects and measures seismic waves

Consists of: A weight attached to a spring or wireA pen attached to the weight that records the movement of the Earth on a paper, that is wound tightly around a constantly moving drum

________________________________ – Scientists who study earthquakes

They can determine the strength of an earthquake by studying the height of the waves

They look at a ____________________________ They match the seismogram to a chart called the _______________________

o Invented in 1935

o The scale is from one to ten, with any earthquake above 6 being very destructive

List one of the major world Earthquakes ________________

Earthquakes may cause:1. ____________________________

2. ____________________________

3. ____________________________

4. ____________________________

5. ___________________________

These can also result from earthquake ___________________________

Volcanoes

________________________________________________________.

o Caused by ________________________ along boundaries.

o Occur at both ________________________________________.

Formation

____________________: Rock deep within Earth

High temperature High Pressure Liquid State Found in pockets called __________________________

_______________________ constantly moves and works its way through cracks toward the surface by _________________________________

_____________________ – Magma that has reached the Earth’s Surface

The place where magma becomes lava is called a _________________________

The opening through which lava erupts is called a ____________________

Volcanoes can have more than one ventLava will poor from the sides of a volcano as well as the top

All ___________________form from an expulsion of materials from deep within the

earth in the form of enormous amounts of _________________________________

________________________________________________________________.

All are not Alike

Some are ________________________Lava oozes from a vent

Others are _______________________With lava and other material hurled hundreds of feet in the airGases and earth material mix to be seen from miles away

The opening through which lava erupts is called a ____________________Volcanoes can have more than one ventLava will poor from the sides of a volcano as well as the top

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Two factors determine the type of eruption:

Amount of __________________________________ in the magma

The ___________________________________ of the magma

EruptionsDuring eruptions many rock fragments are blown into the air

Smallest = ______________________Medium = ______________________Largest = _______________________

Small volcanic bombs the size of golf balls are called ____________________________ (_______________): mixture of ash, eroded land, and water flowing down river valleys

________________: _______________, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine

Types of VolcanoesDifferent types of volcanic eruptions form different types of volcanoes1. ______________________ - made mostly of ______________ and other rock

particles that have been blown into the air

Form from explosive eruptionsCones are not highNarrow base & steep sides

2. _______________________ – composed of mostly quiet lava flowsGently sloping, domed shaped mountain forms

3. _____________________ – Built up of alternating layers of rock particles and lava

First is a violent eruptionThen a quiet eruptionAfter many alternating eruptions a cone shape is formed

Volcano Visuals

______________________– volcanic cone made up of layers of hardened lava

______________________– volcanic cone made up of rock particles, dust and ash.

______________________– volcanic cone made up of alternating layers of lava and

rock particles.

Volcano Anatomy

At the top of a funnel-shaped pit or depression is a pit: ___________________

If it becomes to large it is called a ____________________

______________: the above ground structure built from lava and/or tephra

_________________: a smaller secondary volcano built on the side of or near

the main volcano, but sharing the same conduit to the magma chamber

_____________: a secondary vent that emits only gases

_______________: the path that magma takes from the magma chamber to the

vent

__________________: a long fissure (crack) from which lava flows

Scientists study the makeup of the lava that spews from the __________________ to gain knowledge about the interior magma

Label

Types of LavaDark-colored/ WaterLight-colored/ little WaterChemical composition of bothLarge amounts of gasesSteam and carbon dioxide

3 Types of Lava

1. _______________________: Hot, thin, fast flowing harden with a relatively smooth surface Often has a ropy or wrinkled appearance

2. ________________________: Cooler, thicker, slow moving Hardens with a rough, jagged, sharp edge surface

3. ________________________: Lava suddenly cooled by water shows sack-like segments (stuffed pillows)

Ring of FireA chain of volcanoes located in the _____________ Ocean

Hot SpotsA part of the mantle is REALLY hot and magma is forced up to the surface

Creates islands. (Example: Hawaiian Islands)

Magma that may originate in the ___________________________________, breaking

the surface and forming a volcano, they are independent of plate boundaries

and a chain of volcanoes may form as the _______________________________.

Three Major Zones

Nearly all the way around the edge of the Pacific Ocean: ________________

Near the Mediterranean Sea: ______________________

Third Extends through Iceland to the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

______________________ – Long ridge of volcanoes

Volcano Activity Levels (Stages)

1. ________________ (awake): Has erupted within recent time and can erupt again at any time.

Pre-eruption activities:

Increase in _________________________- under the cone

increase in temperature of cone,

__________________________-of ice/snow in the crater

swelling of the cone

__________________________________

__________________________________

2. __________________ (sleeping):

_______ eruption within recent times, but there is record of past eruptions

Can become ___________________________ after a “wake up” period

Example: Mt. Rainier

3. ______________________:

_________________________ within recorded history

_______________________________________________

Example: Mount Mazama (Crater Lake)

Make the Plate Boundary Chart. 1. Fill in the types of boundaries;2. The faults associated with each;3. The type of stress;4. The results