The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenmentand the Enlightenment

Skepticism and ScienceSkepticism and Science

How does the beginning of How does the beginning of skepticism lead to scientific skepticism lead to scientific discovery?discovery?• Question the accepted wisdom of the Question the accepted wisdom of the

time time Except we can never really know Except we can never really know

anything so what is the pointanything so what is the point

Medieval View of the World Medieval View of the World

GeocentricGeocentric• During the Middle Ages the scholars of During the Middle Ages the scholars of

the day were sure the Earth was the day were sure the Earth was unmoving at the center of the Universeunmoving at the center of the Universe

Music of the Spheres Music of the Spheres • Perfect crystal spheres surround the Perfect crystal spheres surround the

Earth Earth

Changing Ways of ThoughtChanging Ways of Thought

Challenging the wisdom of the Challenging the wisdom of the Church Church

Heliocentric World View Heliocentric World View • Nicolas Copernicus claims the sun is the Nicolas Copernicus claims the sun is the

center of the universe center of the universe Bases on 25 years of observation Bases on 25 years of observation Could not completely explain planetary Could not completely explain planetary

movement movement

Changing Ways of ThoughtChanging Ways of Thought

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler• Finishes the work of his boss Tycho Brahe Finishes the work of his boss Tycho Brahe • Devises equations to explain planetary motion Devises equations to explain planetary motion

and their orbits by assuming elliptical orbits and their orbits by assuming elliptical orbits Galileo Galileo

• Persecuted by the church and required to Persecuted by the church and required to recant his findings recant his findings

• 1992 Catholic Church officially retracted its 1992 Catholic Church officially retracted its condemnation of Galileo condemnation of Galileo

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon • Experiment rather than think Experiment rather than think

Steps Steps • Hypothesis Hypothesis • ProcedureProcedure• ExperimentExperiment• Analysis Analysis • Conclusion Conclusion

Renee DescarteRenee Descarte

Analytical geometry Analytical geometry ““I think therefore I am”I think therefore I am” Philosophy and Science Combined Philosophy and Science Combined

Isaac Newton Isaac Newton

Don’t sit under the Apple TreeDon’t sit under the Apple Tree Takes the work of the past scientists Takes the work of the past scientists

and unifies it under a common theory and unifies it under a common theory of forces and motion of forces and motion

Newtonian Physics Newtonian Physics

Progress Marches ForwardProgress Marches Forward

Development of the MicroscopeDevelopment of the Microscope• Discovery of bacteriaDiscovery of bacteria• Discover of Red blood cells Discover of Red blood cells • Realization life did not spontaneously Realization life did not spontaneously

generate while watching grubs and generate while watching grubs and maggots maggots

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Coming out of the Coming out of the dark ages and dark ages and despair to believe despair to believe in humanity once in humanity once moremore

We can know and We can know and understand our understand our surroundings in a surroundings in a meaningful waymeaningful way

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment Turn your books to pg 171 and read the sections Turn your books to pg 171 and read the sections

on each of the following philosophers taking on each of the following philosophers taking notes on their theories. Then, in groups, examine notes on their theories. Then, in groups, examine the US constitution and establish where their the US constitution and establish where their theories were used sighting specific articles, theories were used sighting specific articles, amendments, or the preamble. Your answers amendments, or the preamble. Your answers should be recorded on a single piece of paper should be recorded on a single piece of paper with all of your group members names included. with all of your group members names included.

HobbesHobbes Locke Locke VoltaireVoltaire MontesquieuMontesquieu RousseauRousseau Beccaria Beccaria

Outcomes of the EnlightenmentOutcomes of the Enlightenment

Belief that we can know something Belief that we can know something about the world around us about the world around us

Belief in Humanity and Reason Belief in Humanity and Reason Importance of the Individual Importance of the Individual Secularism and loss of influence for Secularism and loss of influence for

the Church the Church