Enlightenment and Revolution1550-1789

Scientific RevolutionEnlightenment

American Revolution

The Scientific Revolution

The Enlightenment

The American Revolution

(and other revolutions)

A Ripple Effect:

I. The Scientific Revolution• Terms to Know:• Geocentric theory—earth is the center of the

universe• Heliocentric theory—sun is the center of the

universe• Scientific Revolution—developed during

Reformation in mid 1500s, new way of thinking about the natural world, based upon observation and a willingness to question beliefs.

A. Causes of Scientific Revolution

ScientificRevolution

The Reformation

universities

The Renaissance

Expansion of Trade

Humanism

Old Ideas vs New IdeasB. Geocentric vs Heliocentric

• Copernicus published the heliocentric theory in a book (1543), and later other scientists would confirm his theory.

Early Christianity taught that God placed earth at the center of the universe.

C. The Scientific Method• A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas (influenced

and advanced by Frances Bacon and Rene Descartes)

D. Isaac Newton

• Isaac Newton Isaa

c N

ewto

n--T

he L

aw o

f G

ravi

ty

Copernicus—heliocentric theory but unsure of WHY planets moved how

they did

Kepler—mathematical laws govern planetary motion, the planets move

in an elliptical orbits

Galileo—phases of Venus and other planets, satellites/moons of Jupiter,

uneven surface of the moon

The Law of Universal Gravitation—1.Every object in the universe attracts other objects2.The degree of attraction depends on the mass of an object

E. Other Important Scientists

• Zacharias Janssen—created the first microscope• Gabriel Fahrenheit—created a thermometer

showing water freezing at 32 degrees• Anders Celsius—created a thermometer showing

freezing at 0 degrees• Edward Jenner—introduces the smallpox vaccine

(live pox inoculation) Jenner Story--Smallpox Vaccine

F. Old Science v New Science

Old Science

scholars relied on ancient authority

Church teachings, common sense

And reasoning

New Science

Scholars began to use observation

Experimentation, and scientific reasoning

To gather knowledge and draw conclusions

II. The Enlightenment

• Terms to Know:• Enlightenment—An intellectual movement that

stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.

(AKA—The Age of Reason)• Social contract—an agreement by which people

define and limit their individual rights, creating an organized society or government

• Philosophe—French term for philosopher, group of social thinkers from France

Philosophical Chairs

<<<Agree Disagree>>>

The government should have complete controlover the people in its country so that the

government and society can run smoothly.

Philosophical Chairs

<<<Agree Disagree>>>

The government should have restrictions even when it comes to keeping its citizens safe or

free from harm.

A. The Right to Govern

Old Idea• A monarch’s rule is

justified by divine right

New Idea• A government’s

power comes from the consent of the governed

A. The Right to Govern

Thomas

Hobbes

John Lock

e

A. The Right to GovernTWO VIEWS ON GOVERNMENTTHOMAS HOBBES

• Citizens should hand their rights over to a strong ruler to gain law and order because people cannot rule themselves without getting sidetracked by selfishness and self-interest

JOHN LOCKE

• NO! All people are born FREE and EQUAL, people can learn from experiences and improve themselves.

• Democracy

• THREE NATURAL RIGHTS: life, liberty and property

Hobbes and Locke

PAIRING ACTIVITYThe Ideas of Locke

HAND OUT

B. The Philosophes• French social critics

• 3 Major Philosophes1.Voltaire2.Montesquieu3.Rousseau

B. Philosophes Core BeliefsTHE CORE OF THEIR BELIEFS--FIVE CONCEPTS:1.Reason—truth could be discovered through reason or

logical thinking2.Nature—natural things are good and reasonable3.Happiness—rejected medieval notion that happiness

comes after death and urged people to find happiness on earth

4.Progress—stressed that society and humankind could improve

5.Liberty—wanted the liberties the English had won in the Glorious Revolution and with the Bill of Rights

DOCUMENT BASED QUESTIONINGVOLTAIRE, ROUSSEAU,

MONTESQUEIU

C. Voltaire• Wrote books and essays

against intolerance, prejudice and superstition

• Supported freedom of speech and religion

• “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

D. Rousseau

• Believed the only good government was a direct democracy

• Also believed that titles of nobility should be stripped—equal should be included titles

E. Montesquieu• Believed in the separation of

powers—executive branch, judicial branch, legislative branch

• Developed checks and balances—no one branch being able to control all of the government– ”Power should be a check to

power” • Both these were used in the US

Constitution

F.

G. Checks and Balances in the USA

• Checks and Balances

III. The Enlightenment Spreads

• TERMS TO KNOW:• Salons—social gatherings where philosphers,

writers, artists, scientists and other great intellects met to discuss Enlightenment ideas.

• Enlightened despots—rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas and wanted reform and to rule their subjects fairly– Despot- “absolute ruler”

Salon

Maria Theresa of Austria

Catherine the Great of Russia

Joseph II—Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II of Prussia

Charles III of Spain

• Catherine the Great--Overthrowing Peter

A. Enlightenment Music and Art

• Neoclassical Art: “new classical”, simple and elegant form of art using borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome.

• Classical Music: simpler form with less “trills” but very elegant and light– Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and

Ludwig van Beethoven

– Beethoven's Fur Elise (classical)– Toccata and Fugue in D Minor (Bach) (baroque)

• Baroque Art vs Neoclassical Art