Enlightenment & Enlightenment & RevolutionRevolution

Chapter Chapter 6

6.1Scientific

Revolution

Scientific Revolution

The scientific revolution was a period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of MODERN SCIENCE.

The Church

Knowledge vs. Church

Revolution In Science The Church (Old Truth) vs. The Scientists

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Theory (1st Time)

Nicolas Copernicus

Discovered… Heliocentric Theory Solar system Brahe & Kepler

mathematical proof

Galileo Galilei Telescope-maker Starry Messenger (Book) Copernicus Theory Went Against Church

teaching…sent to inquisition

Confessed that Copernicus teaching were false…

1992 exoneration

Sir Francis Bacon

Discovered… Empiricism Theory Experiment FIRST

THEN Conclusion Significance:

New Theories & Knowledge Process

Rene Descartes

Believed SCIENTISTS should REJECT old assumptions & teachings

DOUBT BEFORE TRUTH Begin w/nothing, then

build “I think, therefore I am”

Ideas + Action = RealityEnlightenment + Revolution = Modern

World

Scientific Method

Method Is…#1 Problem or question#2 Hypothesis#3 Experiment testing#4 Analyze, interpret & conclusion

SIGNIFICANCE: A new process of thinking that led to the discovery of new knowledge that has MODERNIZED THE WORLD!

The Scientific Revolution

INSPIREDNew Thought Processes

Sir Isaac Newton Discovered

Law of Gravity Law of Attraction Laws of Motion Giant Clock Theory

God the Clockmaker created then set everything into motion…

Newton Brought everything together

Scientific Revolution Spreads

New Fields of Science Medicine (vaccinations) Anatomy (systems & organs) Chemistry Biology, Physics

New instruments: telescope (outer space), microscope (Janssen, invisible), thermometer (Fahrenheit & Celsius,

temperature), barometer (Torricelli, weather)

Edward Jenner #1 KILLER into SMALL POX cure! World’s 1st Vaccination

The Scientific

Revolution INSPIREDNew Medicines

QUICK WRITEHow did the Scientific

Revolution Change The World?

Scientific Revolution Impact New instruments New technology New inventions New thinking process

New laws of nature

New medicines New human anatomy

The Scientific

Revolution INSPIREDThe Enlightenment

Conclusions Reason & order in SCIENCE led to a re-

thinking of the long held beliefs about the laws of running a society in the best way for everyone…rights & liberties

THE PEOPLE ARE BEGINNING TO RISE!

Check For Understanding

The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment

CH. 6SECTION 2

Centers of the Enlightenment

EnlightenmenEnlightenmentt

The Enlightenment philosophers The Enlightenment philosophers admired scientists admired scientists use of reasonuse of reason to to understand the natural world. These understand the natural world. These philosophers promote the use of philosophers promote the use of reason to understand government, reason to understand government, religion, education, and economics. religion, education, and economics. They advocate government reform They advocate government reform and social improvement.”and social improvement.”

???Enlightenment or Absolutism??????Enlightenment or Absolutism??? E=Enlightenment, A=AbsolutismE=Enlightenment, A=Absolutism Progress___ Tradition___ Reason___Progress___ Tradition___ Reason___ Blind Faith___ Education___Ignorance___ Blind Faith___ Education___Ignorance___

Tolerance___ Intolerance___ Reading___ Tolerance___ Intolerance___ Reading___ Illiteracy___ Capitalism___ Illiteracy___ Capitalism___ Mercantilism___ Trial___ Mercantilism___ Trial___ Torture___Freedom___Torture___Freedom___

Censorship___ Liberty___ Oppression___ Censorship___ Liberty___ Oppression___ Secular___ Religious___ The Church____Secular___ Religious___ The Church____

Philosophes Philosophes Pursued the Pursued the following…following… ReasonReason

Truth discovered through logical thinkingTruth discovered through logical thinking Reason was the absence of intolerance, bigotry, or Reason was the absence of intolerance, bigotry, or

prejudice in one’s thinkingprejudice in one’s thinking NatureNature

Nature was good & reasonable and applied to Nature was good & reasonable and applied to everythingeverything

HappinessHappiness Living by nature’s laws brings happiness in this life, Living by nature’s laws brings happiness in this life,

misery in this world to achieve well being in the next is misery in this world to achieve well being in the next is unacceptableunacceptable

ProgressProgress Society and mankind could be perfected over timeSociety and mankind could be perfected over time

LibertyLiberty Society could be set free from tyrannySociety could be set free from tyranny

EnlightenmentEnlightenment ProgressProgress ReasonReason EducationEducation ToleranceTolerance ReadingReading CapitalismCapitalism TrialTrial FreedomFreedom LibertyLiberty SecularSecular

Absolutism Absolutism (OLD)(OLD) TraditionTradition Blind FaithBlind Faith IgnoranceIgnorance IntoleranceIntolerance IlliteracyIlliteracy MercantilismMercantilism TortureTorture CensorshipCensorship OppressionOppression ReligiousReligious

The “Great Debate”

Reason& LogicReason& Logic

Traditionsand

Superstitions

Traditionsand

Superstitions

rationalismrationalism empiricismempiricism tolerancetolerance skepticismskepticism DeismDeism

nostalgia for the nostalgia for the pastpast

organized organized religionsreligions

irrationalismirrationalism EmotionalismEmotionalism FundamentalismFundamentalism

Two Views On Two Views On GovernmentGovernment John LockeJohn Locke

Goal of GovernmentGoal of Government Protecting natural Protecting natural

rightsrights Natural Rights of life, Natural Rights of life,

liberty, & propertyliberty, & property Consent of the peopleConsent of the people

Role of the PeopleRole of the People People are goodPeople are good Must follow laws, Must follow laws,

make progressmake progress Revolution is right Revolution is right

if government failsif government fails

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes Goal of GovernmentGoal of Government

Keep law & orderKeep law & order Prevent civil warPrevent civil war

Role of the PeopleRole of the People People are badPeople are bad Self Preservation Self Preservation Must give up rights Must give up rights

in exchange for law in exchange for law & order& order

The Social ContractThe Social Contract Leviathan 1651Leviathan 1651

VoltairVoltairee

DefendedDefended Tolerance, reason, Tolerance, reason,

freedom of religion & freedom of religion & freedom of speechfreedom of speech

Critiques & SatireCritiques & Satire Waged a thinker’s war, Waged a thinker’s war,

his weapon was his pen, his weapon was his pen, his enemy was his enemy was intolerance, prejudice & intolerance, prejudice & superstition superstition (Crush the (Crush the evil thing)evil thing)

WritingsWritings Candide (Mocked the Candide (Mocked the

laws & customs of laws & customs of France)France)

Social reformerSocial reformer

“ “I may disagree with what I may disagree with what you say but I will defend you say but I will defend to the death your right to the death your right to say it.” -Voltaireto say it.” -Voltaire

Greatest IdeaGreatest Idea Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

3 Branches of Rule3 Branches of Rule Best way to protect LibertyBest way to protect Liberty Checks & balances Checks & balances "government should be

set up so that no man need be afraid of another.”

WritingsWritings On the Spirit of On the Spirit of

LawsLaws Persian LettersPersian Letters Social CommentatorSocial Commentator

““Power should be Power should be a check to power.”a check to power.”

MontesquieuMontesquieu

RousseaRousseauu Great IDEA (Problem)Great IDEA (Problem)

People are good, and People are good, and society is corrupt…society is corrupt…

Civilization has corrupted Civilization has corrupted man and destroyed man and destroyed freedom & equalityfreedom & equality

Great Idea (Solution)Great Idea (Solution) General Will General Will (The Social (The Social

Contract)Contract) Consent of the governedConsent of the governed Direct democracyDirect democracy Obedience to the will of allObedience to the will of all No titles of nobilityNo titles of nobility Ideas shaped the French Ideas shaped the French

RevolutionRevolution

““Man is born free Man is born free and everywhere he and everywhere he is in chains.” -is in chains.” -RousseauRousseau

Mary Mary WollstonecraftWollstonecraft

Legacy (Feminist)Legacy (Feminist) Women’s Rights ActivistWomen’s Rights Activist Women not inferior to Women not inferior to

menmen Education for all womenEducation for all women Equality for all womenEquality for all women Doctors not just nursesDoctors not just nurses

WritingsWritings A Vindication of the A Vindication of the

Rights of WomenRights of Women Mother of Mary ShelleyMother of Mary Shelley

Author of FrankensteinAuthor of Frankenstein

Cesare BeccariaCesare Beccaria REFORM Justice systemREFORM Justice system Laws for ORDER, not Laws for ORDER, not

avenging CRIMEavenging CRIME CRITICIZED: Torturing CRITICIZED: Torturing

witnesses, unfair trials, witnesses, unfair trials, cruel & unusual cruel & unusual punishmentpunishment

DESIRED: speedy trial, DESIRED: speedy trial, torture out, punishment torture out, punishment fitting the crime, no fitting the crime, no death penaltydeath penalty

Legacy of the Legacy of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

1. Challenged long-held beliefs and 1. Challenged long-held beliefs and discovered the need to reform…discovered the need to reform…

2. Discovered a belief in progress2. Discovered a belief in progress 3. Secular outlook = non-religious, 3. Secular outlook = non-religious,

separation of Church & State, no more separation of Church & State, no more superstition & fearsuperstition & fear

4. Importance of the individual- 4. Importance of the individual- individualism (self guidance & individualism (self guidance & responsibility)responsibility)

Check For Understanding

The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Enlightenment Ideas SpreadEnlightenment Ideas Spread

CH. 6SECTION 3

Salons

SalonsSalonsSocial gatherings for Social gatherings for

writers, philosophers, writers, philosophers, and artists to discuss and artists to discuss news & ideas…news & ideas…

Turned into an Turned into an InstitutionInstitution of the Enlightenmentof the Enlightenment

The Enlightenment The Enlightenment SpreadsSpreads

EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Denis Diderot (Editor)Denis Diderot (Editor) 28 volumes28 volumes 25 years to produce25 years to produce On many topicsOn many topics Essays from Essays from

PhilosophesPhilosophes Controversial CollectionControversial Collection

ExcommunicationExcommunication Attack on public moralsAttack on public morals

Denis DiderotDenis Diderot

EncyclopediaEncyclopedia”To change the way of thinking!””To change the way of thinking!”

Essays written about (28 volumes)Essays written about (28 volumes) Evils of Slavery & slave tradingEvils of Slavery & slave trading Attacked divine right theory, absolutismAttacked divine right theory, absolutism Freedom of speech & natural rightsFreedom of speech & natural rights The need for Education for everyoneThe need for Education for everyone "All things must be examined, debated, "All things must be examined, debated,

investigated without exception and investigated without exception and without regard for anyone's feelings." - without regard for anyone's feelings." - Denis Diderot explaining the goal of the Denis Diderot explaining the goal of the EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

The Challenge of New The Challenge of New IdeasIdeas Paris, France

The New Athens & Heart of Enlightenment Ideas debated, Pamphlets were distributed Ideas spread everywhere in Europe

Books, Encyclopedias, salons, Enlightened Despots

Government & Church Sacred duty to defend God’s Old Order Censorship (The Index, Inquisition)

Burned books, imprisoned writers Secret books (Candide & Persian Letters) Disguised their ideas in fiction, aliases

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsLeaders who used their power to bring about Leaders who used their power to bring about

political & social change called reforms.political & social change called reforms. Frederick the Great (Prussia)Frederick the Great (Prussia)

““First servant of the state”First servant of the state” Assisted peasants & religious freedomAssisted peasants & religious freedom

Joseph II (Austria)Joseph II (Austria) The Peasants EmperorThe Peasants Emperor

Abolished serfdomAbolished serfdom Religious freedomReligious freedom

Abolished censorship Abolished censorship Sold Church property to build hospitalsSold Church property to build hospitals

Catherine the Great (Russia)Catherine the Great (Russia) Criticized the institution of serfdomCriticized the institution of serfdom Fought the enemies of Superstition, fanaticism, Fought the enemies of Superstition, fanaticism,

ignorance & trickery…ignorance & trickery…Added Black Sea & Poland Added Black Sea & Poland (International power) (International power)

Enlightenment Art, Literature & Enlightenment Art, Literature & MusicMusic

The NovelThe Novel Fictional storiesFictional stories

Classical MusicClassical Music Structured formStructured form

Ballets & OperasBallets & Operas BaroqueBaroque

grand, ornate stylegrand, ornate style Neoclassical- Neoclassical- (replaced (replaced

Baroque)Baroque) order & balance, elegance, order & balance, elegance,

personal art Greeks/Romanspersonal art Greeks/Romans

The NovelThe Novel Mid 1700sMid 1700s Novels are long works Novels are long works

of prose fictionof prose fiction Stories about their own Stories about their own

timestimes Middle class readersMiddle class readers This new style became This new style became

very popularvery popular Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe PamelaPamela

New Trends In MusicNew Trends In Music

Ballets & Operas Ballets & Operas Plays set to musicPlays set to music

Classical MusicClassical Music Structured ordered musicStructured ordered music SymphonySymphony

5 Greatest Classical Musicians

*MOZART (1756-1791) STYLE: Playful, serious, uplifting &

somber FAMOUS PIECES: “Magic Flute”

“Don Giovanni” “Marriage of Figaro” PERSONAL: World’s 1st Music

Superstar   *BEETHOVEN (1770-1827) STYLE: Large orchestras, pianist FAMOUS PIECES: 5th & 9th Symphony PERSONAL: Deaf before age 30,

bridged classical into romanticism

HANDEL (1685-1759) STYLE: Operas, oratorios & concertos FAMOUS PIECES: Messiah (Centerpiece of Christmas & Easter) PERSONAL: Died very wealthy, unmarried

HAYDN (1732-1809) STYLE: Father of the symphony & the string quartet FAMOUS PIECES: The Creation PERSONAL: Court musician

BACH (1685-1750) STYLE: Complex & beautiful religious works for organ

& choirs (Organist/Violin) FAMOUS PIECES: Toccata and Fugue in D minor PERSONAL: Supreme composer of the Baroque style

Enlightenment Legacy

Enlightenment Music= Classical Enlightenment Art= Neoclassical/Baroque Enlightenment Entertainment= Operas,

Ballets & Novels, Symphonies Enlightenment Hobby= Reading Enlightenment Readings= Encyclopedia,

Novels, Essays, Letters Enlightenment Religion= Deism Enlightenment Church/Institution= Salons

Enlightenment Legacy

Enlightenment Government= Republic/Democracy/Constitutional Monarchy

Enlightenment Economics= Capitalism Enlightenment Ideology= Progress,

Reason, REFORM, Education, Freedom Enlightenment Heroes= Philosophes &

Revolutionaries Enlightenment Enemies= Superstition,

Ignorance, Intolerance, Tyranny

The Enlightenment

INSPIREDThe American Revolution

Check For Understanding

The American The American RevolutionRevolution

Birth of the American RepublicBirth of the American Republic

CH. 6SECTION 4

1775 American Revolution

The 13 English The 13 English ColoniesColonies

1750s Part of Britain’s 1750s Part of Britain’s growing empiregrowing empire

Mercantilist policies Mercantilist policies appliedapplied

Many religions & Many religions & ethnicitiesethnicities

Did their own thing, felt Did their own thing, felt they were still English they were still English citizenscitizens

Wanted a destiny apart Wanted a destiny apart from Englandfrom England

Reasons For Revolution French & Indian War 1763 (HUGE DEBT)French & Indian War 1763 (HUGE DEBT)

England felt colonists should help pay for the England felt colonists should help pay for the war (taxes)war (taxes)

Unpopular Taxes & Trade RestrictionsUnpopular Taxes & Trade Restrictions Stamp Act- on all printed matter Stamp Act- on all printed matter

(Repealed in 1766)(Repealed in 1766) Townshend Act-on everyday itemsTownshend Act-on everyday items Intolerable Act-punishment for T-PartyIntolerable Act-punishment for T-Party Navigation Acts- Americans could only Navigation Acts- Americans could only

sell to Britainsell to Britain American Response: American Response: “No taxation without “No taxation without

representation!”representation!”

American American Revolution EventsRevolution Events The American RevolutionThe American Revolution 1770 Boston Massacre & 1773 Boston Tea Party1770 Boston Massacre & 1773 Boston Tea Party 1774 11774 1stst Continental Congress (John Adams) Continental Congress (John Adams)

Economic boycott & petitioned the King Economic boycott & petitioned the King w/grievancesw/grievances

1775 Lexington & Concord (Shots Heard Around 1775 Lexington & Concord (Shots Heard Around The World)The World)

1775 21775 2ndnd Continental Congress Continental Congress Continental Army 1775 (George Washington)Continental Army 1775 (George Washington)

Declaration of Independence 1776, Declaration of Independence 1776, Battle of Saratoga 1777 (Turning Point)Battle of Saratoga 1777 (Turning Point) British Surrender at Yorktown 1781British Surrender at Yorktown 1781 Articles of Confederation 1781, Articles of Confederation 1781, Constitution 1787Constitution 1787

Declaring IndependenceDeclaring Independence 1776, 21776, 2ndnd Continental Continental

Congress decided to Congress decided to declare independencedeclare independence

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson wrote the documentwrote the document

EmphasizingEmphasizing Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty Listed GrievancesListed Grievances A New GovernmentA New Government Protection of rightsProtection of rights

War for War for IndependenceIndependence

Continental Army vs. British Redcoats Continental Army vs. British Redcoats (Loyalists)(Loyalists) General George Washington & Minutemen (Patriots)General George Washington & Minutemen (Patriots) Began @ 1775 Lexington & Concord, 2 ½ years fighting Began @ 1775 Lexington & Concord, 2 ½ years fighting Guerrilla Fighting Tactics (Hit & Run/Home field) Guerrilla Fighting Tactics (Hit & Run/Home field)

Turning Point (Saratoga, 1777)Turning Point (Saratoga, 1777) British surrender @ Yorktown in 1781British surrender @ Yorktown in 1781

Reasons for victoryReasons for victory Defending homeland, British overconfidence, Defending homeland, British overconfidence,

time was on America’s side, Foreign (French) time was on America’s side, Foreign (French) allies, taxes (too expensive to continue)allies, taxes (too expensive to continue)

Treaty of Paris 1783Treaty of Paris 1783

CONSTITUTION SIGNING…CONSTITUTION SIGNING…

America Creates a RepublicAmerica Creates a RepublicThe Making Of A New GovernmentThe Making Of A New Government

1781 Articles of Confederation (Ineffective)1781 Articles of Confederation (Ineffective) Republic, States System w/weak national Republic, States System w/weak national

government (fear of government interference)government (fear of government interference) Only one branch, Congress, ruled the landOnly one branch, Congress, ruled the land

1787 Constitution (Brought everything 1787 Constitution (Brought everything together)together) Federal System Created (power divided between Federal System Created (power divided between

national & state government)national & state government) Three Branches, separation of powers w/checks & Three Branches, separation of powers w/checks &

balances set upbalances set up 1791 Bill of Rights (Reason, Reform & Progress)1791 Bill of Rights (Reason, Reform & Progress)

11stst 10 amendments, guaranteeing natural rights 10 amendments, guaranteeing natural rights

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights

A summary list of the A summary list of the rights deemed most rights deemed most important to a peopleimportant to a people

11stst Ten Amendments of Ten Amendments of the U.S. Constitutionthe U.S. Constitution

Demanded by the Anti-Demanded by the Anti-federalists to ratifyfederalists to ratify

Enlightenment Ideas Enlightenment Ideas into practiceinto practice

AmendmentsAmendmentsTo The ConstitutionTo The Constitution

1313thth ??? ???1515thth, 19, 19thth,26,26thth ??? ???1818thth & 21 & 21stst ??? ???(Reason, Reform & Progress)(Reason, Reform & Progress)

U.S. Constitutio

n

Enlightenment Ideas and the Constitution

Democratic Rights & Democratic Rights & Values Values

“Making life worth living.”“Making life worth living.” LifeLife LibertyLiberty PropertyProperty Right to foodRight to food Right to workRight to work Right to educationRight to education Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech Freedom PressFreedom Press

Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion The right to bear armsThe right to bear arms The right to assembleThe right to assemble Equality before LawEquality before Law Trial by jury of peersTrial by jury of peers Innocent until proven Innocent until proven

guiltyguilty Right to VoteRight to Vote

American Revolution Legacy

1st nation to REVOLUTION It’s possible to overthrow the

government! 1787 U.S. Constitution

Rule of Law Federal Republic

National & State Governments

The American Revolution

INSPIREDThe French Revolution

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