Simmondsia chinensisJojoba

Cosmoceutical or Herbal Medicine?

• Study the Phytochemical and Phytomedicinal characters of Jojoba.• Historical and Current Uses.• Medicinal Claims.• Growing evidences for Jojoba.• What can be done?

Cosmoceutical or Herbal Medicine?

What is jojoba?Scientific Names: Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K.Schneid.) is shrub belonging Simmondsiaceae family. Genus: Simmondsia NuttIt has 2 Scientific names that are considered to be synonyms :1- Buxus chinensis Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 386 (1822)2-Simmondsia californica Nutt., London J. Bot. 3: 400 (1844) 1,2.

Common names: Goatnut & Jojoba .

Distribution Range: Native: North America, South America & North Mexico.Cultivated in Africa (Egypt & Sudan),Middle East (Palestine), Australia and South America (Peru, Argentina,Chile) 3

What is jojoba?Parts Used:

1- Seeds for Oil JLW.2- Leaves.3-Roots.

ComponentsA-Seeds:1. Liquid Wax: (50% of the seed) 4

60 % cis-11-eicosenoic (jojobenoic) acid (C20)

2. Allylic derivative of hydroxytoluene (Anti Oxidant Activity) 5

Components3. Glycosides: 8 cyanomethylene Glycosides mainly (Simmondsin). 6

B-Leaves: 10 Flavonoids & 4 Lignans. 8

C-Root: Flavonoids in alcoholic and aqueous extracts. 7

History

• First Used by Native Americans.(18th Century)• Slave and Butter to heal skin burns or as hair conditioners.• In pregnant women to assist childbirth.• Slave to preserve animal hides. 8

• Animal Food.• JLW has been also used in folk remedies for renal colics,headache,

sunburn, chaffed skin, and hair loss. 10

• effective in the treatment of acne and psoriasis. 11

Current uses and Regulations.

• Oil from seed crushing is mainly used.• In Cosmetics and Cosmoceuticals. 12,13,14

Current uses and Regulations.

Some Brand Names

• Some Examples From Martindale 15

Arising Evidences

A-Anti-inflammatory1- Animal model study, Effect of JLW on paw volume and PGE2 in carrageenin-induced rat edema 16

Arising Evidences

A-Anti-inflammatory 2- Effect of JLW on granulation tissue formation in the chick’s embryo CAM experiment. 17

3-Effect on croton oil-induced ear oedema in Rat, MPO tissue activity and histopathological changes 18

Arising Evidences

A-Anti-inflammatory 4-Effect of JLW on NO and TNF-α in air pouch model 16:

Limitations???

Arising Evidences

B-Wound Healing:1. Cell proliferation and metabolism: cytotoxicity tests of JLW Vs

sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 19,20. -HaCaT: spontaneously transformed aneuploid immortal keratinocyte cell line from adult human skin, widely used in scientific research.HaCaT cells are utilized for their high capacity to differentiate and proliferate in vitro.- Fibroblasts: Synthisize Collagen & Extracellular Matrix.

Arising Evidences

B-Wound Healing:2-Scratch wound repair of HaCaT 21: Using Platelet Lysate as a positive control.

3- Scratch wound repair of Fibroblasts:

Arising Evidences

B-Wound Healing:4- Collagen synthesis in both HaCaT and Fibroblats:

Increase of Collagen type I syntheses.. No effect was observed on collagen type III expression in both fibroblasts and HaCaT

5- Protein phosphorylation signaling: Using western blot method to detect activation (phosphorylation) of 4 proteins involved in cell proliferation 22:

extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases.. mTOR downstream ribosomal peptide S6. The PI3K-dependent kinase Akt.

• data showed that JLW induces in HaCaT and fibroblasts the activation of all these path ways in a dose-dependent manner .

Arising Evidences

C- Weigh Loss: (Simmondsin Glylcoside)• In 2000, York et al ,Animal study on rats in which different

experiments: 23

– Acute dose response to oral and intrapretonial administration of Simmondisin: Effective

Oral Intra peritoneal

Arising Evidences

C- Weigh Loss: (Simmondsin Glylcoside)- Efficacy not able to confirm that simmondsin acted through CCKA

receptors. - Chronic intake had effect on Liver and kidney weights,

Hematopoiesis ,bone marrow and spleen lesions .(all doses)

• In 2006, CN Boozer, Animal study on rats in which different experiments: 24

• Same Wight loss activity.• In dose levels much higher than those

therapeutic levels, there seemed to be deleterious effects on circulating red and white blood cells , although these were mostly reversible

Arising Evidences

C-Antioxidant & Lipoxiginase Inhibitor: (Leaves Flavonoids) 8

• 14 compounds, including 10 flavonoids and 4 lignans with both antioxidant and lipoxygenase-inhibiting activities.

• Flavonoids free aglycones showed strong antioxidant and lipoxygenase-inhibiting activities.

• Lignans showed variable moderate to weak antioxidant and lipoxygenase-inhibiting activities and the highest activity.

Arising Evidences

Conclusion• Jojoba Seed oil has arising evidence for anti inflammatory & wound

healing activities ??• Simmonsidin Glycoside may be used for weight loss??• Flavonoids were isolated from leaves with antioxidant and lipoxiginase

inhibition, What is next?• 20 Years use in Egypt in different topical medicines.

References 1-Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Medicinal Plant Names Services. 2015. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Medicinal Plant Names Services. [ONLINE] Available at: http://mpns.kew.org/mpns-portal/plantDetail?plantId=486363&query=jojoba&filter=&fuzzy=false&nameType=all&dbs=wcsCmp. [Accessed 1 November 2015].2- United States Department of Agriculture, Germplasm Resources Information Network, Results of your search: Simmondsia chinensis. 2015. Results of your search: Simmondsia chinensis. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Simmondsia%20chinensis. [Accessed 1 November 2015].3- United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources conversation Service ,Plants Profile for Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba). 2015. Plants Profile for Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba). [ONLINE] Available at:http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SICH. [Accessed 10 November 2015]..4- Miwa TK. Structural determination and uses of jojoba oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1984;61(2):407–10. 5- Kampf A, Gringberg S, Galuun A. Oxidative stability of jojoba wax. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1986;63:246–8. 6-Moustafa A. Abbassy a, Samir A.M. Abdelgaleil b, , Abdel-Salam H. Belal a, Mona A.A. Abdel Rasoul. (2007). Insecticidal, ∗antifeedant and antifungal activities of two glucosides isolated from the seeds of Simmondsia chinensis. Industrial Crops and Products. 26 (1), 345–350. 7- Surendra Kumar Sharma , Ajay Pal Singh. (2011). Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Roots of Simmondsia chinensis Schneider. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research  . 3 (4), 323-326.  8-Wael Mostafa Abdel-Mageed, Soad Abdel Latief Hassan Bayoumi, Awwad Abdoh Radwan Salama3, Mounir Mohamed Salem-Bekhit, Sherif Hussein Abd-Alrahman, Hanaa Mohamed Sayed. (2014). Antioxidant lipoxygenase inhibitors from the leaf extracts of Simmondsia chinensis. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 7 (1), 521-526.  9-Steven J. Phillips, Patricia Wentworth Comus (eds.) (2000). A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert. University of California Press. pp. 256–257. 

10-Yaron, A., 1987. Metabolism and physiological effects of jojoba oil 1987. In: Wisniak,J. (Ed.), The Chemistry and Technology of Jojoba Oil American Oil Chemists. Society Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 251–265. 11- Mosovich, B., 1985. Treatment of acne and psoriasis. In: Wisniak, J.Z.J.e. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Jojoba and its Uses. Universityof the Negev, Beer Sheva Israel, pp. 393–397.

References12-USA-FDA. 2006. OTC Ingredient List. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.fda.gov/downloads/aboutfda/centersoffices/officeofmedicalproductsandtobacco/cder/ucm106429.pdf. [Accessed 08 November 15]. 13-Therapeutic Goods Adminstration. Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.tga.gov.au/artg/artg-id-56932. [Accessed 08 November 15].14-Health Canada. 1800. Natural Health Products Ingredients Database. [ONLINE] Available at:http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/ingredReq.do?id=4381&lang=eng. [Accessed 08 November 15 15-Sean C Sweetman (2009). Martindale The complete Drug Reference. London : Pharmaceutical Press. 1-3709. 16-Ramy R. Habashy , Ashraf B. Abdel-Naim , Amani E. Khalifa , Mohammed M. Al-Azizi. (2005). Anti-inflammatory effects of jojoba liquid wax in experimental models. Pharmacological Research. 51 (1), 95–105. 17-Valdes TI, Kreutzer D, Moussy F.. (2002). The chick chorioallantoic membrane as a novel in vivo model for the testing of biomaterials.. J Biomed Mater Res.. 62 (2), 273-282. 18-Reza Forghani, MD, PhD, Gregory R. Wojtkiewicz, MS, Yinian Zhang, MD, PhD, Daniel Seeburg, MD, PhD, Benjamin R. M. Bautz, MA, Benjamin Pulli, MD, Andrew R. Milewski, BS, Wendy L. Atkinson, BS, Yoshiko. (2012). Demyelinating Diseases: Myeloperoxidase as an Imaging Biomarker and Therapeutic Target. Radiology. 263 (2), 451–460. MPO 19-Elia Ranzatoa, Simona Martinottia, Bruno Burlandoa. (2011). Wound healing properties of jojoba liquid wax: An in vitro study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 134 (1), 443–449 20-Schoop VM, Mirancea N, Fusenig NE.. (1999). Epidermal organization and differentiation of HaCaT keratinocytes in organotypic coculture with human dermal fibroblasts.. J Invest Dermatol.. 112 (3), 343-353. 21-K Chiba, K Kawakami, K Tohyama. (1998). Simultaneous evaluation of cell viability by neutral red, MTT and crystal violet staining assays of the same cells. Toxicology in Vitro. 12 (3), 251–258. 22-Gilda, J. E.; Gomes, A. V. (2013). "Stain-Free total protein staining is a superior loading control to β-actin for Western blots". Analytical Biochemistry 440 (2): 186–8. 23-York DA, Singer L, Oliver J, Abbott TP, Bray GA. The detrimental effect of simmondsin on food intake and body weight of rats. IndCrops Products 2000; 12: 183–192. 24- CN Boozer. (2006). Simmondsin for weight loss in rats. International Journal of Obesity. 30 (1), 1143–1148.

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