Clinical approach to multi valvular heart disease

APPROACH TO

MULTIVALVULAR HEART DISEASE

Satyam Rajvanshi

HOW TO DEFINE MVHD

• Clinically significant MVHD?

• Pathological MVHD?

• VHD without organic valve ds?

• Clinically significant MVHD?

• Pathological MVHD?

• VHD without organic valve ds?

NO STANDARD DEFINITION

PRACTICAL DEFINITION

• Involvement of more than one heart valve

• Clinically significant – alters natural history, management

• Valve may or may not be pathological but must be grossly dysfunctional

WHY IS MVHD RELEVANT

• Presentation

• Natural history

• Management

• Presentation• Symptoms• Physical signs

• Natural history

• Management

• Presentation• Symptoms• Physical signs

• Natural history

• Management

Relative severity of separate lesions

Order of development of separate lesions

WHAT CAUSES MVHD

• Rheumatic Heart Disease• Infective endocarditis• Myocardial Dysfunction (Remodelled heart – MR, PR, TR)• Aging, Degenerative (calcific)• Disorders of other Organs – ESRD, Carcinoid• Myxomatous diseases – Marfan, EDS• CTDs – SLE, APLA, RA• Congenital diseases – Discrete Subaortic stenosis, HOCM,

Shone’s complex, Trisomy (13-15-18), Alkaptonuria• Endocardial Disorders• Thoracic/Mediastinal radiation therapy• Drugs – Ergotamine/Fen-Phen/Methysergide

• Significant stenosis at multiple valves are usually Rheumatic

• Significant regurgitation at multiple valves are likely Non Rheumatic

• Significant stenosis and regurgitation together are usually Rheumatic

• Quadrivalvular disease is most likely due to combination of causes – Rheumatic, infective, congenital, inflammatory or degenerative disease

• A unitary cause for quadrivalvular disease is either rheumatic or myxomatous degeneration

STATISTICS

ARF with carditis

MV 70-75%MV+AV 20-25%AV 5-8%TV 1-2%PV Rare

Ann Indian Acad Med Sci 1972;8:47-52

ARF with carditis

CLINICAL

MV 70-75%MV+AV 20-25%AV 5-8%TV 1-2%PV Rare


ARF with carditis

CLINICAL

MV 70-75%MV+AV 20-25%AV 5-8% HISTOPATHOLOGICAL

TV 1-2% 30-35%PV Rare 15-20%


ARF with carditis

MV 70-75% MC is MR

MV+AV 20-25% 90-95%

AV 5-8%TV 1-2%PV Rare


ARF with carditis

MV 70-75%MV+AV 20-25% 2nd MC is AR

AV 5-8% 20-40%

TV 1-2%PV Rare


Frequency of RHD%

of p

atien

ts w

ith R

HD a

t 5-y

ears

Prognosis – Severity of carditis & Recurrences

RHD• 378 cases of juvenile RHD (<19 yr), Orrissa

MS 34.9%MR 14.8%AR 6.1%MS+MR 11.9%MS+AR 21.1%MS+MR+TS 4.8%MS+MR+TS+TR 6.4%

Indian Heart J 1999;51:653

RHD• 378 cases of juvenile RHD (<19 yr), Orrissa

MS 34.9%MR 14.8%AR 6.1%

MS+MR 11.9%MS+AR 21.1% >40% MVHDMS+MR+TS 4.8%MS+MR+TS+TR 6.4%


RHD• >9000 RHD cases, Orrissa

MS 35%MR 10%AR or AS 3%MS+MR 15%MV+AV 25%MV+TV 12%

Indian Heart J 2003;55:152-157

RHD• >9000 RHD cases, Orrissa

MS 35%MR 10%AR or AS 3%

MS+MR 15%MV+AV 25% >50% MVHD

MV+TV 12%


RHD• 518 RHD cases, JIPMER Pondicherry

MS+AS+TS 2.5%(Triple stenosis)


RHD• NIMS, Hyderabad 2002

MS+MR 12.9%AS+AR 4.4%

MS+AR 13.9%MS+MR+AR 2.0%MS+MR+TR 8%MS+AR+TR 8%

RHD• 434 RHD AUTOPSY cases, Mumbai

MV 21%AV 2%

MV+AV 21%MV+AV+TV 27%MV+TV 5%MV+TV+PV 2%MV+AV+TV+PV 19%


WHEN DO WE SUSPECT A MVHD

• Patient does not fit in single valve picture• By history/examination/ECG/CXR

• Presentation time frame different from usual natural history

• Know the classical markers of significant lesions

HISTORY-WISE

MS

• Exertional dyspnoea – 1st and MC symptom– PND– Orthopnea– 5-10 yrs from ARF to symptoms (15-20 yrs in

western population) – Progresses over 3-5 yrs from NYHA II to IV

(5-10 yrs in western population)• Hemoptysis• Systemic embolism• RVF – but after NYHA IV state

MR

• History– Long asymptomatic period – 10-20 yrs from ARF to

symptoms (a decade longer than MS)– Once severe MR – Symptomatic within 6-10 yrs– Symptoms herald LVSD or AF – Rapid decline in

survival• Chronic weakness/Fatigue/Exercise Intolerance

– MC • Dyspnoea – less common and late

AS

• History– Long asymptomatic period – 10-20 yrs from ARF to

symptoms (a decade longer than MS)– 10-15 yrs from Mild to Severe AS– Once severe AS – Symptomatic within 2 yrs– Symptoms – Rapid decline in survival

– 2 HF/3 Syncope/5 Angina• Exercise intolerance and dyspnoea – MC• Exertional Angina• Exertional Presyncope (> than Syncope)

AR

• Long (perhaps longest!) asymptomatic period – After ARF– After development of AR– Once symptomatic – course similar to AS

• Exercise intolerance and dyspnoea - MC• Palpitations – exertional and resting – even

painful! – may precede other symptoms by months-yrs

• Nocturnal (and exertional) angina

TS

• Never solitary• RVF – (Tender hepatomegaly, ascites,

anasarca) – without disabling dyspnoea• Fatigue/Exercise intolerance more prominent

than dyspnoea – d/t low CO

EXAMINATION-WISE

Severe MS

• Prolonged diastolic murmur• Thrill• A2 OS gap• Pulmonary hypertension• Cardiomegaly• Congestive Heart failure

A2-OS Gap

• Inversely proportional to severity• 40 – 120 msec• HR, LAP, LV EDP, LV compliance, mobility• Narrow always tight MS• Widened (falsely)– Bradycardia– AR– Low output (Sev PAH, TR, CHF)– Inc LV EDP (LV dysfunction)

Severe MR

• Cardiomegaly• LV S3/diastolic murmur• Wide split S2• ? Thrill• LV dysfunction• Pulmonary hypertension• Congestive Heart failure

Severe AS• Pulsus parvus et tardus• Peaking of systolic murmur• Paradoxical split S2• LV S4• Apico-carotid delay (often neglected)• Thrill• Cardiomegaly• LV dysfunction (S3)• Pulmonary hypertension• Congestive Heart failure

Severe AR

• Hill’s Sign• Duration of diastolic murmur• Austin Flint murmur• Thrill (rare)• Cardiomegaly• LV S3• LV dysfunction• Pulmonary hypertension• Congestive Heart failure

Things that Stand are

• AV disease– Pulse– Hill’s sign

• Murmur characteristic (except MR)• Diastolic thrill• S2– Paradoxical spilt – AS– Wide split – MR

• A2 OS gap - mostly

HOW TO APPROACH

MS/MR/AS/AR SEVERE?

MVHD SUSPECTED?

EXAMINEECG/ECHO/CATH

WHICH ONE IS DOMINANT?

MODIFYING / PRECIPITATING

FACTORS?

DIAGNOSISPROGNOSTICATE

MANAGEMENTGDM

Non valvular Factors

Modify/Precipitate presentation– Arrhythmias– Infective endocarditis– RF recurrence – valvulitis and myocarditis– Volume overload states – Anemia, worsening

Renal failure, Dietary non-compliance– Pressure overload states – Uncontrolled HTN– Ischemia – CAD/ACS, Respiratory illness, altitude– SIRS – Infection, MC Pneumonia

Non valvular Factors

Modify/Precipitate presentation– Arrhythmias– Infective endocarditis– RF recurrence – valvulitis and myocarditis– Volume overload states – Anemia, worsening

Renal failure, Dietary non-compliance– Pressure overload states – Uncontrolled HTN– Ischemia – CAD/ACS, Respiratory illness, altitude– SIRS – Systemic Infection, MC Pneumonia

Some Rules of Combined Valve Lesions

Severe lesions

dominate

Proximal lesions

dominate

Multivalvular disease – 1+1 may not be 2• Ability to

compensate

MS/MR

Severe MR – Is there MS?

• Thrill

• Prolonged MDM

• Opening Snap

• Loud S1

• Severe PAH

Pulmonary symptoms: Cough, Hemoptysis, Pulmonary Edema

S2 Variable Wide splitS1 Loud (mostly) VariablePAH Severe Variable

OS +

AS/AR

Severe AR - is there AS?

• Pulse

• Systolic decapitation

• Late peaking, harsher, louder murmur

• Heaving apical impulse

• Thrill

S2 Paradoxical Normal/NarrowS4 + -Apex Heaving, Not shifted Hyperkinetic, shifted

Hill’s Sign

MS/AR

MS Vs. Austin Flint

Characteristic MS Austin Flint

Diastolic Murmur Prolonged with thrill Soft/shorterApex RV

TappingLV

Hyperkinetic

Added sounds OS S3

PAH Severe mild

S1 Loud (mostly) -

AF Suggestive -

Hand grip

MS/AS

In severe AS – presence of loud S1, absence of S4 - indicates MS

MR/AR

• Exception to proximal distal rule – AR usually predominates in physical signs

• In Severe MR, mild-mod AR well tolerated• In Severe AR, even mild-mod MR worsens

symptoms as LV dilates further

MR/AS

+ TS

TS• Easily escapes detection• More fatigue, CHF/RVF - Less PND orthopnea• Distal lesions SYMPTOMS masked, signs may remain

prominent• JVP is the key

– Giant a waves– Slow Y descent

• Pulsatile liver• Murmur of TS

– Location– Pre systolic or mid diastolic– Inspiratory augmentation

TR

Characteristic High pressure Low pressure

Murmur PSM Early systolic with

variable duration

Pitch High low

Shape PSM Decrescendo

P2 Loud Normal

JVP CV waves Variable

INVESTIGATIONAL CAVEATS

• Doppler-echocardiographic methods have been validated in single valve disease but not in multivalve disease

• Interactions between different valve lesions.• Methods that depend less on loading

conditions are preferred, such as direct planimetry of the stenotic valves

Diagnostic caveats in MVHD

MANAGEMENT

• In the EuroHeart Survey, the operative risk ranged from 0.9% to 3.9% for single valve interventions and rose to 6.5% in cases of multiple valve disease

Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:943-51

• In the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database, mortality was 4.3% and 6.4% for isolated aortic and mitral valve replacement, respectively, to 9.6% for multiple valve replacement (Doubles)

Eur Heart J 2003;24:1231-43

• TVR: overall operative mortality was 22 %


• Operative mortality was similar for TVR 13% vs. repair 18% p = 0.64.

• Higher mortality for higher NYHA class


CONCLUSION

MVHD

• Widely prevalent• Alters natural history and presentation• Requires careful evaluation• Management guidelines differ

La Clairvoyance, 1936 By Rene Magritte

Health & Medicine

Clinical approach to multi valvular heart disease