Image source: www.prevention.com

Myth: soybean contains estrogen. Soybean contain isoflavones, sometimes

called phytoestrogens Not the same as the hormone estrogen 1/100-1/10000 activity of mammalian

estrogen Man boobs not caused by soybean!

Foliar Fungicides Control many of the common foliar fungal

diseases. Longer green leaf retention delayed

senescence. Improves CO2 assimilation Increases water use efficiency Increases stress tolerance

Headline Untreated

Soybean Growth Stages

May 15 June 15 July 15 August 15 Sept. 15 Oct. 15

Vegetative Growth

Flowering

Pod Development

Seed Filling Period

Vegetative only Vegetative plus Reproductive Reproductive only

66.9 b

60.8 c

62.4 b

69.3a

62.6b 63.7 b

67.6b

63.9a 65.9a

54

58

62

66

70

74

Soybean foliar fungicide timing Meta-analysis 6 location-years

Mean separation at p=0.05 Hooker (UG)

Yield (bu/ac)

R2 none R4

2013 2014 n=48 observations per mean (4 reps x 3 cultivars x 2 fungicides x 2 locations) Mean separation within year Fishers Protected LSD (0.05)

R2 none R4 R2 none R4

2015

Hooker (UG)

Flower on upper 2 nodes

Pod 3/16 long on upper 4 nodes

Pod 3/4 long on upper 4 nodes

R2 R3 R4

Hooker (UGRC)

66.9 b

60.8 c

62.4 b

69.3a

62.6b 63.7 b

67.6b

63.9a 65.9a

54

58

62

66

70

74

Soybean foliar fungicide timing Meta-analysis 6 location-years

Mean separation at p=0.05 Hooker (UG)

Yield (bu/ac)

R2 none R4

2013 2014 n=48 observations per mean (4 reps x 3 cultivars x 2 fungicides x 2 locations) Mean separation within year Fishers Protected LSD (0.05)

R2 none R4 R2 none R4

2015

Hooker (UG)

Two Applications of Foliar Fungicides Increased Yields over 5 bu/ac

Bu/ac Adv.

1) Untreated 49.1 de 2) Priaxor in- furrow 48.6 de 3) Priaxor (V4) 47.8 e 4) Priaxor (R2) 50.9 bc 1.8 5) Priaxor (R4) 50.9 bc 1.8 6) Priaxor (R2) 54.3 a 5.2 + Acapela (R4)

2014, 6 Ontario trials, 3 replications

No White Mould Present in 2015 1) Untreated 61.1 2) Priaxor in- furrow 62.1 3) Priaxor (V6) 63.5 4) Priaxor (R2) 63.9 5) Priaxor (R4) 64.4 6) Stratego Pro (R2) 63.0 7) Allegro (R2) 61.7 8) Acapela (R2) 64.1 9) Allegro (R2) + Acapela (R3) 64.9 10) Priaxor (R2) + Acapela (R3) 64.7 2015, 2 Ontario trials, 3 replications

Fungicide Summary

Yield gains are more consistent with 2 applications (3 - 5 bu/ac)

White Mould (2 applications) Plan to spray at late R1 and then again at R3 (10-14 days later).

Spraying at R2 then again at R4 is also effective. Other Foliar Diseases (1 application) Plan to spray at R2-R3. Spraying can be delayed up to R4 if

disease pressure or weather conditions warrant later spraying

Yield response is highest under moderate disease pressure, with higher plant populations, beans following beans, and in high yielding fields

y = 0.971x - 1873

y = 2.111x - 4094

y = 0.333x - 626.17

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Yiel

d (b

u/ac

)

CORN

SOY

WHEAT

Yield Trends in Ontario of Corn, Soybean, Winter Wheat 1981-2015

35 lbs P2O5, 25 K2O

30 lbs P2O5, 18 K2O

28 lbs P2O5, 46 K2O

80% yield increase 63 lbs P2O5, 45 K2O

65% yield increase 50 lbs P2O5, 30 K2O

35% yield increase 37 lbs P2O5, 61 K2O

#EOCC16 @cropdoc2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

MER

P (k

g-P 2

O5/

ha)

Soil Test P (ppm)

BandBroadcast

Max Economic Rate of P in Corn 77 research trials in #OntAg 1969-2010

Source: Janovicek, Rosser, Stewart (2015)

C C

C

C

C

C C

C C

C Current OMAFRA recs

Conclusion: OMAFRAs current soil test rec for P in corn seems sufficient

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Soybean 54 trials 2008-2013 Low probability of economic response to a dry

starter fertilizer blend when: Soil test P >12 ppm Soil test K >100 ppm

Source: Janovicek, Rosser, Stewart (2015) #EOCC16

@cropdoc2

Best Fertilizer Mgmt. Approach? 1. Sufficiency 2. Build and maintain

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Ontario Long-term P+K Trials 5-6 starter treatments x 4 background

P+K levels Elora, Lucan, Bornholm and Ridgetown

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Hooker (UG)

Low soil test P = 7 ppm No starter P applied

Mod. Soil test P = 20 ppm No starter P applied

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Soybean yield response to background fertility and starter fertilizer Elora, ONTARIO. 2015

Bohner (OMAFRA) 2016 Mean separation within column statistically significant at P=0.10.

Starter (per ac) Background soil test P and K

P=10 K=71

P=27 K=109

bu/ac

No Fertilizer 40 b

6-24-6 @ 5 gal (IF) 42 ab

MAP @ 100 lbs (2x2) 40 b

0-0-60 @ 80 lbs (2x2) 44 a

6-28-28 @ 180 lbs (2x2) 45 a

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Soybean yield response to background fertility and starter fertilizer Elora, ONTARIO. 2015

Bohner (OMAFRA) 2016 Mean separation within column statistically significant at P=0.10.

Starter (per ac) Background soil test P and K

P=10 K=71

P=27 K=109

bu/ac

No Fertilizer 40 b 56

6-24-6 @ 5 gal (IF) 42 ab 52

MAP @ 100 lbs (2x2) 40 b 58

0-0-60 @ 80 lbs (2x2) 44 a 52

6-28-28 @ 180 lbs (2x2) 45 a 56

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Sufficiency approach: no Build and maintain approach: no official recs yet; under review.

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Archeological and radiocarbon dating in the last 65 years has revealed that at least 30 crops are much older including: Rice, lentil, common beans, faba bean, foxtail millet, wheat, maize, and chickpeas The oldest records of soybeans date back to only 1100 BC

Untreated

125 K

2-20-18 (3 gallons)

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K deficiency in soybean Can you see the old corn rows?

Hooker, UGRC (2011)

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Soybean maturity groups

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Source: Jiang et al. (2014)

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Soybean flowering Photoperiod* Temperature (CHU accumulated)* Rate of change of photoperiod*

(Cober, AAFC)

Light intensity* (Cober, AAFC)

Controlled by 8 genes Maturity also controlled by photoperiod

and temperature*

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50 lbs N/ac broadcast @ planting

No N Fertilizer

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Planted: April 29, 2010 Photo: July 7

Planted: June 22, 2011 Photo: July 7

Yield?

July 26/2011

Lucan, 57 bu/ac

What is Vertical Tillage?

Crop Residue on Crop Performance why the currrent issue?

020406080

100120140160180

Yiel

d (b

u/ac

)

Year

Ontario corn yield from 1981 to present High corn yield

Weather Genetics (BT) Maturity Fungicide Higher seeding

rates

Earlier soybean planting

OMAFRA, 2011

Residue Removed

Heavy Residue

Coulters create soil action

Thelen Farms, 2014 Various tillage tools

Thelen Farms, 2014

What we learned VT of corn residue in the fall or spring generally

increased the rate of emergence but had little effect on final plant stand or yield.

Fall VT sized corn residue but did not cause a significant reduction in surface volume at planting.

Spring VT reduced surface corn residue by 25 to 33% because the residue shattered and was covered with soil.

Fall VT residue can move with wind and water. Little benefit from two passes. Excessive residue

reduction, seedbed too loose.

Source: Dr. Ross Bender (Mosaic)

Soybean yield components: Yield = # plants per acre x # pods per plant x # seeds per pod x seed weight

How to increase pod # & seed wt.? Plant early, full-season cultivars

Adriana G. Kantolic, and Gustavo A. Slafer Ann Bot 2007;99:925-933

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How to increase pod # & seed wt.? Manage for high crop growth rates

during R-stages.

Jiang and Egli (1995)

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QUESTIONS?

Horst Bohner horst.bohner@ontario.ca Dave Hooker dhooker@uoguelph.ca @cropdoc2

mailto:horst.bohner@ontario.camailto:dhooker@uoguelph.ca

Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Foliar FungicidesSlide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Soybean Growth StagesSlide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Fungicide SummarySlide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Slide Number 32Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Slide Number 39Slide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45Slide Number 46Slide Number 47Slide Number 48Slide Number 49Coulters create soil actionThelen Farms, 2014Thelen Farms, 2014Slide Number 53What we learnedSlide Number 55Slide Number 56Slide Number 57Slide Number 58Slide Number 59Slide Number 60Slide Number 61