CONTENTS

1. BUILDING

1. Classification of building according to occupancy 1-3

2. Detail of measurement 4-14

2. FOUNDATION

1. Classification of foundation 15-16

2. Foundation Plan 17

3. Excavation of Foundation 18

4. Footing 19

5. Columns 20-21

3. RETAINING WALL

1. Introduction 22

2. Type of Retaining Wall 23

3. Estimation of Retaining Wall 24

4. BREAST WALL

1. Introduction 25

2. Estimation of Breast Wall 26-27

5. ROAD

1. Introduction 28

2. Road Survey 29-30

3. Importance of Roads 31-32

4. Classification of Roads 32-37

5. Gradients 38-40

6. Constructed of cemented Road 41-42

7. Tarring of Road 43

BUILDING

Any relatively permanent and closed structure on a plot of land, having a rot and

window.

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING

ACCORDING TO OCCUPANCY

1. Residential building

2. Industrial building

3. Public building

4. Commercial building

5. Institutional building

6. Hazardous building

7. Storage building

CONSTRUCTION WORK OF A BUILDING

1. LAYOUT : Firstly measured the outer dimension of building i.e. X. Then

marked the centerline of each load bearing walls constructed. The thickness

of brick masonry wall is 0.23 m etc.

2. GROUND LEVEL :- The ground level has taken 190.0 cm.

3. FOUNDATION LEVEL :- The founding level has taken 130.0 cm.

4. FOUNDATION BED :- The foundation bed is constructed with C.C. 1:6:12 (1

cement : 6 sand : 12 graded stone aggregate 40 mm nominal size).

The thickness of foundation bed concrete is taken as 0.15 m.

FOUNDATION

Foundation is the part of the structure which transmits the load of the super

structure to the soil underneath. Foundation is also known as substructure.

CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION

1. SHALLOW FOUNDATION

2. DEEP FOUNDATION

1. SHALLOW FOUNDATION

The foundation whose depth is equal to or less than width is known as

shallow foundation. A shallow foundation transmits the load to the strata

below at a shallow depth.

Types of shallow foundation

• Spread footing

• Strip footing

• Combined footing

• Strap footing

• Mat or raft footing

• Isolated footing

2. DEEP FOUNDATION

The foundation whose depth is equal to or greater than width is known as deep

foundation. When the soil at or near the surface of ground is not capable of

supporting a structure, deep foundation are required to transfer the load to deeper

strata.

Types of deep foundation :

• Well foundation

• Pile foundation

• Pier foundation

FOUNDATION PLAN

The foundation plan of a structure is prepared to any convenient showing

all the necessary measurement. The north line shown on the foundation plan of the

building in order in order to have the desire orientation of the building at the site.

SETTING OUT FOUNDATION PLAN ON GROUND

Before construction of foundation the whole area should be cleared of any grass,

shrubs and trees etc. So then the position of the building should be carefully marked

on the ground.

The trenches to receive the foundation are then set on the surface of ground

before there actual excavation is started.

EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION

After setting out the trenches, their extraction work is carried out between

their outer line by means of pick axes or Kassie.

The use of the excavation instrument like chisels, jumper, wedges, hammers,

iron pans, baskets etc.

The size of footing = 150*150cm to 300*280 cm

Thickness of footing=45cm

Column Section x-x

FOOTING

Size at bottom =230*250cm Size at top = 220*240cm

Lean concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement : 2 sand : aggregate) is for the base footing, beam,

column slab.

Isolated Footing Drawing

Open Newel Half-Turn Stair Case

COLUMN :-

Total No. of column =40

COLUMN SIZE :-

40*60cm

Main reinforcement = 4 No. 32 mm dia.

= 6 No. 30 mm dia.

= 6 No. 25mm dia.

Tiles = 8 mm dia.

Cover = 40mm (2 inch)

DIAPHRAGM WALL

In structural engineering, a diaphragm is a structural system used to transfer lateral loads to shear walls or frames primarily through in-plane shear stress. These lateral loads are usually wind and earthquake loads, but other lateral loads such as lateral earth pressure or hydrostatic pressure can also be resisted by diaphragm action.

The diaphragm of a structure often does double duty as the floor system or roof system in a building, or the deck of a bridge, which simultaneously supports gravity loads.

Diaphragms are usually constructed of plywood or oriented strand board in timber construction; metal deck or composite metal deck in steel construction; or a concrete slab in concrete construction.

The two primary types of diaphragm are flexible and rigid.

Spacing For Toilet-Bathroom

LATERAL TIES

Ties are for many purposes including providing confinement to the core concrete. In axial

load carrying capacity of column also it influences by means of providing confinement and

not as a direct load carrying element like main steel. If you see stress-strain plots for

unconfined and confined concrete, you will notice two peculiar differences. First, the peak

stress for confined concrete is slightly higher (depending upon level of confinement) than

that of unconfined concrete and secondly the ultimate strain value for confined concrete is

much higher than that of unconfined concrete. This simply means that confinement has

more useful influence on ductility rather than strength

RETAINING WALL

The wall which retain the back filling of the soil. When these walls are

constructed slope is generally kept as 1:4.

Retaining walls can also help protect against erosion on susceptible sites. The

requirements or a functional retaining wall include: structural stability,

durability against the exposed environment, and provision of drainage.

TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

1) GRAVITY RETAINING WALLS: These walls use their own weight and any

captured soil/fill weight to resist the lateral soil pressure.

2) PILED RETAINING WALLS: These walls use the embedded depth of vertical

posts and the strength of the posts to resist lateral soil forces.

3) CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS: These walls cantilever vertically from the

concrete footing and typically resist overturning by the mass of the soil/material

on the heel of the footing.

ESTIMATION OF RETAINING WALL

DETAIL OF MEASUREMENT

Excavation area = 4.22 * (0.45 + 3.40)/2 = 8.12 Sqm.

Back filling = .060 * 5.55 - 3.33 Sqm.

1. Excavation work : 1*15.00 * 8.12 = 121.85 cum

2. Dry masonry = 1*15*7.30 = 109.5 cum

3. Back filling = 1*15*3.33 = 49.95 cum

BREAST WALL

The wall which prevent the land sliding of the soil. These walls are generally

constructed backside of the road. In the front face is generally kept in slope and the

slope is taken as 1:3. The weep hole are provided in the breast wall in order to

remove the rain water and soil pressure.

ESTIMATION OF BREAST WALL

Cutting area : 1/2 * 1.63 * 2.64 = 2.15 Sqm.

Excavation area : 1.82 * (0.30 + 0.87)/2 = 1.06 Sqm.

If total wall will be executed in C.M. 1:6 then

Portion (a) = 1*10*1/2*1.73 * .0.57 = 4.93 cum

Portion (b) = 1*10*(0.90 + 1.73)/2*2.14 = 32.09 cum

Total = portion (a) + portion (b) = 4.93 + 32.09 = 37.02 cum

DETAIL OF MEASUREMENT

Cutting work : 1*10*2.15 = 21.50 cum

Excavation work : 1*10*1.06 = 10.60 cum

Dry masonry : 1*10*2.44 = 24.40 cum

INTRODUCTION

Road are the vital means of communication on land. The progress and

entire progress of the country dependent upon the efficient and wide spread

network of the roads. In this project we have done survey of the road and

designed the road.

ROAD

Road is a structure constructed of different material (earth, gravel,

bitumen etc.) to facilitate movement of vehicle, cart, cyclist etc. from one place

to another place.

ROAD SURVEY

The survey conducted to collect the important data and information for the

location, design and construction of road. Various types of survey related to the

road construction that we have done are:

1. Reconnaissance

2. Preliminary Survey

3. Location Survey

1. Reconnaissance Survey

A preliminary and a rapid examination of the region with reference to its

natural features without the help of instrument is known as reconnaissance and

conducted to determine the location of the road with respect to local condition

reconnaissance survey.

2) Preliminary Survey

The accurate survey conducted along the desirable routes as

recommended by reconnaissance survey in order to obtain a sufficient

data for final location survey is termed

3) Location Survey

The survey carried along the finalized route after preliminary survey by

transferring the proposed central line to the actual ground and collecting

other related information termed as location survey. It includes following

stages:

• Location of central line

• Detailed survey

IMPORTANCE OF THE ROADS

The importance of the roads can be easily judged from the following parts:

1) Conveyance of Men & Material:-

They facilitate conveyance of people, goods, raw material, manufactured

items etc.

2) Source of communication:

They act as only source of communication in high altitude and mountains

region.

3) In maintaining laws and order:

They help in maintaining law and order in country.

4) As a feeder:

They act as a feeder for railway, waterways, and airways.

5) Employment opportunity:

They provides the more employments for the people.

6) Social and cultural ties:

They help in promoting social and ties along people living in different parts

of the country.

7) Play role in defence of country:

They play very important role in defence of country war days.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ROADS:

1) According to the location

2) According the importance

3) According to the traffic

4) According to tonnage

1) Classification according to the location:

According to the location and financial

responsibility nonurban roads in India can be

classified in to five categories:

a) National Highway (NH)

b) State highway (SH)

c) Major district roads (MDR)

d) Other district roads (ODR)

e) Village roads (VR)

a) National Highway:-

The main highway running through the length and breadth in the country

connecting major parts, foreign highway and capital of state etc are known

as national highway.

These highways constitute the main arteries of transport in the country

and are also of military importance. Nation highway would have

carriageway of at least two lane width. They should have modern type of

surfacing.

b) State Highway:-

The highway linking district headquarters, cities, within the state or

connecting them with national highway of neighboring state are known as

state highway. These highways are called provincial highways. These

highways serve as internal route of traffic to and from district road within

the state. They should have modern type of surfacing.

c) Major district roads:

The important roads within a district serving areas of production and

market and connecting this place with each other or with the main

highway are known as major district road. The road should be couple and

taking road traffic in the rural area throughout the year without any

interruption due to bridge crossing. Major district road should have at

least metaled single lane carriageway.

d) Other district roads:

The road serving rural areas & production and providing them without let

to market centre, Tehsil headquarters, railways station etc are known as

ODR.

e) Village roads:

The road connecting village or group & villages with each other and

nearest road of category are known as village roads. These roads are very

important from the rural point of view. They are generally not metaled

and should have single lane width of stabilized soil or graved.

2) Classification according to importance:

According to importance of connecting holy places, stations of strategies,

important roads are classified as following categories:

a) Class 1 roads

b) Class 2 roads

c) Class 3 roads

3) Classification according to traffic:

According to the traffic roads are classified into following categories:

a) Very heavy traffic roads (which carries above 600 vehicle/day)

b) Heavy traffic roads (which carries 251-600 vehicle/ day)

c) Medium traffic roads (which carries 70-2500 vehicle/ day)

d) Light traffic roads (which carries below 70 vehicle/day)

4) Classification of the roads according to tonnage:

According to total tonnage per day roads are classified into following

categories:

a) Very heavy traffic roads (which carries over 1524 metric tones/day)

b) Heavy traffic roads (which caries over 1070 to 1524 metric tons/day)

GRADIENTS

The rate of rise and fall provided to the formation of a road along its

alignment is called grade or gradient. It is the longitudinal slope provided

to the formation of a road along it’s alignments.

Mathematically:

Gradient = vertical distance/horizontal distance = H/D Objectives of

providing gradients:

• To connect terminal stations situated at different levels.

• To make earthwork economically since perfectly level roads involves

more cutting and filling.

• To provide effective drainage of rainwater.

• To construct side drain economically with the concrete depth below

ground level.

• To reduce maintenance cost of roads.

TYPES OF GRADIENT

a) Ruling gradient:

The gradient usually adopting while making the alignment of roads is

called ruling gradient.

b) Limiting gradient:

The gradient steeps than the ruling gradients which ma be used in

restricted road length when the later is not feasible is called maximum or

limiting gradients.

c) Exceptional gradients:

The gradients than the limiting which may be used in short length of the

road only in introductory situation is exception is exceptional gradient.

d) Average gradients:

The total rise and fall between any two points along the alignment of a

road divided by the horizontal distances between them is called average

gradients.

e) Floating gradient:

The gradient on which a motor vehicle moving with the same speed

without any application of power or breaks is called floating gradient.

CONSTRUCTED OF CEMENTED ROADS

Grade

M30

1:1:2

Road thickness 30cm

Width of roads 4m

After concreting vibrator is used for comes and settle down of the concrete

after 24m gap 2m steel roads are moved in the length wise. These are known as

extension joints. In the end it is finished by straight edge or other wooden

throats.

Thick 7.5 cm and size 40 to 63 mm and last layer of course aggregate. Thick 7.5

cm and size of aggregate is 20 mm. So layer is tempering by help of roller the to

laid on bitumen thick 2 cm in centre and ½ cm side of the road and tempering

by roller is 4 or 5 times.

TARRING OF ROAD

Tarring work is done before a road is constructed with coaltar/ bitumen or

any suitable material. The object of tarring is also rise the level of the road to

the required level.

The started filling the soil and tempering the roller and then bolder filling

up to 13 cm and their size 40 to 90 mm and next layer bearing.