Design Consideration PWD

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Accessibility for the Disabled

- A Design Manual for a Barrier Free Environment -

PHOSPlatform Handicap en Ontwikkelingssamenwerking

Platform Disability and Development Cooperation

Tivolistraat 45 box 31020 Brussels

BELGIUM

Tel.+32-2-421 24 [email protected]

supported by
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Accessibility for the Disabled

- A Design Manual for a Barrier-Free Environment -

About this publication

About PHOS

Introduction1. Purpose 4

2. Application 43. Target group 44. Structure of this publication 4

References 5

Dimensional Data 5

Architectural Design Considerations1. Ramps 52. Elevators 93. Platform Lifts 124. Stairs 155. Railings and Handrails 196. Entrances 237. Vestibules 278. Doors 299. Corridors 3510. Restrooms 37

Appendixes: Implementation Check listsI. Trouble Shooting 49II. Anthropometrics 52

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About this publication

This publication is prepared for NGOs and their partners in developing countrieswho want to take the needs of disabled people into account. The presentedguidelines for a barrier-free environment can be used for creating accessiblebuildings for disabled people in the context of development projects. An

accessible environment is a precondition for disabled people to take part ineducation, training or work or to benefit from services which are offered by

NGOs and their partners. Barrier-free environments are essential for fullparticipation and equality of disabled people.

If you want to read more about accessibility for disabled people, please consult the websiteof PHOS, www.phos.be or http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/. This publication is a

summary of some materials available at the Enable website of the United Nations.

About PHOS

PHOS is a Belgium-based NGO whos objective is to enhance the opportunities of peoplewith disabilities from the South to make their voice heard and to improve their livingconditions. Our strategy is facilitating the mainstreaming of disability in the programmes andactivities of NGOs and their partners in developing countries. We support mainstreaming ofdisability in NGOs by research, publications, training and consultation.

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Introduction

We are all physically disabled at some time in our lives. A child, a person with a broken leg, aparent with a pram, an elderly person, etc. are all disabled in one way or another. Those whoremain healthy and able-bodied all their lives are few. As far as the built-up environment is

concerned, it is important that it should be barrier-free and adapted to fulfil the needs of allpeople equally. As a matter of fact, the needs of the disabled coincide with the needs of themajority, and all people are at ease with them. As such, planning for the majority impliesplanning for people with varying abilities and disabilities.

1. Purpose

This publication is a design manual on accessibility for the disabled. It is a design guidemade for the purpose of providing architects and designers with the basic information anddata necessary for a barrier-free environment. It is meant to establish standards andrecommendations that will improve your construction projects to meet the needs of all target

groups. The manual is expected to be a stimulus that will lead, in the long run, to theestablishment of national building and planning legislation covering access for disabledpeople.

2. Application

The manual does not cover all the requirements of disabled people in detail. It is astraightforward guide expected to be the first in a series of publications having the sametopic. Most of the recommended measures have been tested and have proven to beeffective. Practical advice from legal, professional and academic institutions as well as

individuals with disabilities is also of the utmost importance in shaping the final form of anaccessibility code.

3. Target group

The target group is composed of five major categories:

(a) Wheelchair users(b) People with limited walking abilities(c) The sightless

(d) The partially sighted(e) The hearing impaired

Other categories may benefit to some extent from the proposed measures.

4. Structure of this publication

Each chapter is composed of four parts:

1) Problem identification

This part defines problems encountered by the disabled in the built-up environment owing tothe absence or improper application of a certain measure or provision.

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2) Planning principle

This part identifies the target group, the general goal and the need for a certain measure.

3) Design considerations

This part deals with the technical and architectural aspects of implementing certain measureswith regard to general and particular application characteristics, criteria, minimumdimensions and measurements, materials, etc.

4) Existing constructions

This part identifies the problems encountered in existing constructions which hinder theimplementation of a certain measure. Accordingly, alternative solutions and modifications aresuggested.

References

The information provided is based on the accessibility codes and relevant knowledgeavailable in various countries. A comparative study of the available sources was conductedregarding each measure. The information was then synthesized and organized according tothe needs of the target group.

Dimensional Data

Dimensional data are given in metric units. The graphic illustrations show only the minimumallowable dimensions. Where appropriate, the maximum or approximate dimension or anallowable range is given. For your information: 1 cm = 0,394 inch and 1 inch = 2,54 cm.

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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. RAMPS

1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Inaccessible building entrances due todifference between indoor and outdoorlevels.

Inaccessible routes due to differences inlevel.

Lack of or improper design of ramps.

Very steep and/or long ramps with noresting landings.

2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE

To provide ramps wherever stairsobstruct the free passage ofpedestrians, mainly wheelchair usersand people with mobility problems.

3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

3.1 General

An exterior location is preferred forramps. Indoor ramps are notrecommended because they take up agreat deal of space.

Ideally, the entrance to a ramp shouldbe immediately adjacent to the stairs.

3.2 Ramp configuration (1)

Ramps can have one of the followingconfigurations:

(a) Straight run (fig. 1);

(b) 90 turn (fig. 2);

(c) Switch back or 180turn (fig. 3).

Fig 1.

Fig 2.

Fig. 3.

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3.3 Width

Width varies according to use,configuration and slope.

The minimum width should be 0.90m.

3.4 Slope

The maximum recommended slope oframps is 1:20. Steeper slopes may beallowed in special cases depending onthe length to be covered (fig. 4).

Maximumslope

Maximumlength

Maximumrise

1:20 i.e.,9%

- -

1:16 i.e.,6%

8 m 0.50 m

1:14 i.e.,7%

5 m 0.35 m

1:12 i.e.,8%

2 m 0.15 m

1:10 i.e.,

10%

1.25 m 0.12 m

1:08 i.e.,12%

0.5 m 0.06 m

3.4 Landings

Ramps should be provided withlandings for resting, maneuvering andavoiding excessive speed.

Landings should be provided every10.00 m, at every change of directionand at the top and bottom of everyramp.

The landing should have a minimumlength of 1.20 m and a minimum widthequal to that of the ramp

3.5 Handrail

A protective handrail at least 0.40 m

Fig. 4.


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of ramps.

For ramps more than 3.00 m wide, anintermediate handrail could be installed(fig. 5).

The distance between handrails whenboth sides are used for gripping shouldbe between 0.90 m and 1.40 m (fig. 5).

3.6 Surface

The ramp surface should be hard andnon-slip.

Carpets should be avoided.

3.7 Tactile marking

A coloured textural indication at thetop and bottom of the ramp should beplaced to alert sightless people as to thelocation of the ramp.

The marking strip width should not beless than 0.60 m.

3.8 Drainage n Adequate drainage

should be provided to avoidaccumulation of water.

3.9 Obstacles

The same clearance considerationsthat apply to pathways apply to ramps(see Obstructions).

3.10 Mechanical Ramps

Mechanical ramps can be used inlarge public buildings but are notrecommended for use by persons withphysical impairments.

If the ramp is to be used by awheelchair-confined person, the slopeshould not exceed 1:12.

The maximum width should be 1.00

m to avoid slipping.

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4. EXISTING CONSTRUCTIONS

If the topography or structure of theexisting building is restrictive, minorvariations of gradient are allowed as afunction of the ramp length:

Maximumslope

Maximumlength

Maximumrise

1:20 i.e.,9%

- -

1:16 i.e.,6%

8 m 0.50 m

1:14 i.e.,7%

5 m 0.35 m

1:12 i.e.,8% 2 m 0.15 m

1:10 i.e.,10%

1.25 m 0.12 m

1:08 i.e.,12%

0.5 m 0.06 m

A non-slip surface finish should beadded to slippery ramps.

Notes:

(1) Circular or curved ramps are notrecommended

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2. ELEVATORS


Inadequate space inside theelevator cab.

High position of switches, buttonsand control panel.

Narrow entry doors.

Insufficient opening time interval.


To provide well-dimensionedelevators, that disabled peoplecan use conveniently.


3.1 General

The accessible elevator shouldserve all floors normally reachedby the public.

Key-operated elevators shouldbe used only in private facilitiesor when an elevator operator ispresent.

Wide elevator cabs arepreferable to long ones.

3.2 Elevator cab

The minimum internal elevatordimensions, allowing for onewheelchair passenger alone, are1.00 m x 1.30 m (fig. 1).

The door opening should notbe less than 0.80 m.

The inside of the elevatorshould have a handrail on threesides mounted 0.80 to 0.85 m

from the floor (fig. 2).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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The maximum tolerance forstop precision should be 20 mm.

3.3 Control panel

The control panel can bemounted at alternative locationsbut it is recommended to respecta distance of 0,50 m from thecorner with regard to theaccessibility for wheelchair users.

For ease of reach, the controlpanel should be mounted 0.90 mto 1.20 m from the floor (fig. 2).

Control buttons should be in an

accessible location andilluminated. Their diametershould be no smaller than 20mm.

The numerals on the floorselector buttons should beembossed so as to be easilyidentifiable by touch.

3.4 Call buttons

For ease of reach, call buttonsshould be mounted 0.90 m to1.20 m from the floor (fig. 4). 3.5Floor identifiers

Tactile numerals should beplaced on both sides of the doorjambs at an approximate heightof 1.50 m to help a lone sightlesspassenger to identify the floorreached (fig. 4). 3.6 Hall signal

The elevator hall signal shouldbe placed at an approximateheight of 1.80 m (fig. 4).

3.7 Door re-opening activators

The door opening intervalshould be no less than fiveseconds. Re-opening activatorsshould be provided.

Fig. 4

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3.8 Audiovisual signals

The elevator should signalarrival at each floor by means of

a bell and a light to alert sightlessand hearing-impaired passengerssimultaneously.

3.9 Floor surface

The floor of the elevator andthe area in front of the elevatoron each floor should have a nonskid resilient surface or a low-pilefixed carpet.

3.10 Colour

The colour of the elevator doorshould contrast with thesurrounding surface so as to beeasily distinguishable by personswith visual impairments.


The minimum acceptable sizeof an existing elevator cab,allowing for a single wheelchairpassenger, is 0.95 m x 1.25 m.Smaller cabs should be replaced.

The minimum acceptable widthof an existing elevator dooropening is 0.75 m.

Call buttons and control panels

mounted higher than therecommended height may be leftin place if they are within 1.40 mof the floor, this being themaximum reach of a wheelchairuser.

Controls mounted higher than1.40 m should be replaced.

Where there are two identicalcontrol panels, only one need be

replaced.

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3. PLATFORM LIFTS (1)


Changes in level between indoorand outdoor areas.

Changes in level inside abuilding.

Insufficient space for ramps.


To allow people with mobilityproblems to have free vertical

access between different levels.


3.1 General

Platform lifts are specialpassenger-elevating devices forthe disabled.

Platform lifts can have either a

vertical or an inclined movement.

3.2 Vertical movement platformlifts

For maximum level changes of2.50 m, vertical movementplatform lifts may be installedadjacent to the stairs (fig. 1).

For level changes of more than

1.20 m, the lift should be placedin a closed structure with doors atthe different accessible levels(fig. 2).

Vertical platform lifts can havea variety of opening for entry andexit (fig. 3).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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3.3 Inclined movement platformlifts

Inclined movement platformlifts consist of three elements: arailing, an electric generator anda moving platform or seat.

The operating system of the liftcan be either lateral (fig. 4) orsuspended (fig. 5).

Inclined movement platformlifts can be installed along the

stair wall, as long as they do notobstruct the required width of theexit. The seat or platform can befolded when not in use.

The minimum width of thestairs should be 0.90 m to allowthe installation of a lift (fig. 6).

Platform lifts can be installedon all types of stairs including

switch-back stairs i.e. those witha rotation angle of 180 (fig. 7)and spiral staircases (fig. 5).

3.4 Lift size

The minimum width of the liftplatform should be 0.90 m andthe minimum length should be1.20 m (fig. 3).


Platform lifts can provideaccess to existing buildingswhere it would be difficult orunfeasible to install a ramp or anelevator.

Inclined movement platformlifts are usually used to connect

one or more floors or to

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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buildings. In buildings that are orwould be frequently used bypersons with mobility problems,such devices should not beutilized.

Notes:

(1) Platform lifts are also knownas stairway lifts or wheelchairlifts.

Fig. 6 Fig. 7

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4. STAIRS


Steep staircases.

Poorly designed steps that hinderfoot movement.


To provide safe and well-dimensioned staircases for thecomfort of all people, especiallythose with mobility problems.


3.1 General

Differences in level should beilluminated or minimized as muchas possible for the comfort ofdisabled people.

A complementary rampedroute, elevator or lift should be

provided where there are steps inan otherwise accessible path.

All steps should be uniform.

Circular stairs and steppedlandings should be avoided (fig.1).

Open risers are notrecommended.

3.2 Width

The minimum width of astairway should be 0.90 m forone-way traffic and 1.50 m fortwo-way traffic.

For indoor stairs, the risershould be between 0.12 m and0.18 m, and the tread between

0.28 m and 0.35 m.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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For outdoor stairs, themaximum riser should be 0.15 mand the minimum tread should be0.30 m.

3.3 Landing (fig. 2) (fig. 3)

An intermediate landing shouldbe provided when the stairs covera difference in level of more than2.50 m.

The length of the landingshould be at least 1.20 mextending along the full width of

the stairs.

3.4 Nosing (fig. 4)

Sharp edges and overhangingnosing should not be used fortreads.

Nosing should be flush orrounded and should not beprojected more than 40 mm.

3.5 Handrails

Handrails must be installed onboth sides of the stairs andaround the landing for gripping(fig. 3).

For stairs more than 3.00 mwide, one or more intermediatehandrails could be provided (fig.

5).

The distance between thehandrails when both sides areused for gripping should bebetween 0.90 m and 1.40 m (fig.5).

Handrails must extend adistance between 0.30 m and0.45 m at the top and bottom ofthe stairs (see Railings andHandrails) (fig. 3).

Fig. 4: Recommended nosing types

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

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3.6 Tactile marking (fig. 2) (fig. 3)

A textural marking strip shouldbe placed at the top and bottomof the stairs and at intermediatelandings to alert sightless people

as to the location of the stairs.

The tactile marking strip shouldbe at least 0.60 m wide andshould extend over the full widthof the stairs.

To guide users with poorvision, the colour of the stripshould contrast with thesurrounding surface. 3.7 Surface

Landings, treads and nosingshould be slip-resistant and freeof projections.

Exterior stairs should bepitched forward at 10 mm permetre to drain surface water.

Slip-resistant stair nosingshould be used to fix carpets on

stairs.

3.8 Emergency stairs

Emergency stairs should beidentified by tactile markings.

3.9 Mechanical stairs (escalators)

Mechanical stairs can beprovided with an adaptable tread

at least 1.20 m long, if they are tobe used by persons confined towheelchairs (fig. 6).

The edges of escalators shouldbe painted in a contrasting colourfor the benefit of poor- sightedusers.

Fig. 7

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When the configuration of thenosing cannot be modified, slip-resistant strip scould be appliedto the nosing as an alternative

solution (fig. 7).

Slip-resistant strips should be40 mm wide and should notextent more than 1 mm above thetread surface.

To guide people with sightproblems, the colour of the stripsshould contrast with that of thestairs.

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5. RAILINGS AND HANDRAILS

1. PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION

Unsafe railings.

Hard to grip handrails.

No railings or handrails.


To install adequate railing,wherever needed for the comfortand safety of all people,especially those with mobilityproblems.


3.1 General

Safety guards or railingsshould be installed aroundhazardous areas, stairs, ramps,accessible roofs, mezzanines,

galleries, balconies and raisedplatforms more than 0.40 m high.

On stairways, windowspositioned less than 1.00 m fromthe landing should have railings.

Handrails should be installed toassist disabled persons inbathrooms and toilets (see RestRooms).

Spacing between the verticaland horizontal bars of railingsshould be narrow for the safety ofchildren.

Handrails should not obstructthe path of travel.

Fig 1.

Fig 2.

Fig 3.

Fig 4

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3.2 Height (fig. 1) (1)

To facilitate use by ambulantdisabled and elderly people,handrails should be mountedbetween 0.85 m and 0.95 m

above the finished floor level.

For the benefit of wheelchairusers, a second handrail can bemounted between 0.70 m and0.75 m from the floor.

To facilitate use by childrenand short people, a third handrailcan be mounted at a height of0.60 m.

To guide sightless peopleusing a long cane, a rail shouldbe mounted at a height between0.10 m and 0.15 m (fig. 1); or alow curb should be installed at aheight between 50 mm and 75mm (fig. 2). Low curbs also act aswheelstops.

3.3 Mounting

Railings should be securelyattached to the wall or to asupporting structure so as towithstand heavy loads.

Railings should not endabruptly but extend to the floor orblend into the wall so as not tocreate a hazard for sightlesspeople.

3.4 Form (fig. 3)

Handrails should allow a firmand easy grip.

Circular cross-sections with adiameter of 40 mm arepreferable.

Sharp edges should beavoided.

Fig 5.

Fig 6.


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3.5 Handrails for ramps andstairs

Handrails should continueuninterrupted (except fordoorways) on both sides and

around the landing.

Handrails should extendhorizontally for a distancebetween 0.30 m and 0.45 m atthe top and bottom of stairs andramps, except in places whereextensions could obstruct thepedestrian flow (fig.4).

For stairs or ramps more than

3.00 m wide, a continuousintermediate handrail could beprovided (see Ramps; Stairs).

3.6 Wall-mounted handrails

The space between thehandrail and the wall should bebetween 40 mm and 50 mm forsmooth walls and 60 mm forrough textured walls (fig. 5).

Where handrails are fullyrecessed into walls, a space of atleast 0.15 m should be allowedbetween the top of the rail andthe top of the recess (fig. 6).

3.7 Tactile marking

For emergency exit stairs orramps, a contrasting tactile stripat least 0.90 m long should beapplied to the top and bottomedges of the handrail to alert thepartially sighted.

3.8 Colour

A contrasting colour isrecommended for handrails toalert people with sight problems.

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If existing railings andhandrails do not comply with theabove requirements, they shouldbe modified or replaced.

Notes:

(1) Measurements are taken fromthe front of the tread.

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6. ENTRANCES


No distinct accessible entrance.

Inadequate space in front of theentrance.


To provide accessible and easy-to-find building entrances.


3.1 General

For new accessibleconstructions, all main publicentrances should be accessibleto an ambulant disabled person.

At least one entrance perfacility should be accessible to awheelchair user. In newbuildings, the accessible

entrance(s) should be the mainentrance(s) intended for use bythe general public.

Each accessible entranceshould be connected byaccessible pathways toaccessible indoor or outdoorparking areas, local publictransit stops and drop-off areas(fig. 1).

In multi-storey buildings, theaccessible entrance shouldpermit access to a convenientlylocated accessible elevator orlift.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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3.2 Signs

Accessible entrances shouldbe clearly identified using theinternational symbol ofaccessibility including alternate

locations of accessibleentrances (fig. 2).

No signs are needed if thewhole building is accessible.

3.3 Entrance landing

Where the entrance dooropens outward, the minimumlanding dimensions should

comply with figure 3.

Where the entrance dooropens inward, the minimumlanding dimensions shouldcomply with figure 4.

The surface of the landingshould have a slope of 2% fordrainage.

The finish material should benon-slippery.

Jute door mats should beavoided. When used however,the upper surface of the matshould be level with the floorfinish (fig. 5).

Sheltered landings arepreferable.

3.4 Threshold

Thresholds should beremoved wherever possible (seeDoors).

3.5 Colour

The colour of the entrance

door should contrast with thesurrounding surface so as to be

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5


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sight problems.

3.6 Entrance vestibules (seeVestibules)

3.7 Entrance doors (see Doors)

4. EXISTINGCONSTRUCTIONS

Public buildings should haveat least one accessibleentrance. Wherever possible,this should be the main entranceintended for use by the general

public(1)

.

If for architectural or technicalreasons the main entrancecannot be made accessible, analternative accessible entranceshould be provided. The locationof the alternative entranceshould be clearly indicated bysigns.

To allow for an accessibleentrance, one of the followingsolutions can be adapted:

(a) Ramps, bridges ormechanical lifts be used; (2)

(b) The entrance level might bemodified earthfill, or by changingthe grade or the landscaping ofthe surrounding site;

(c) A window or another door atground might be converted intoan accessible entrance.

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Notes:

(1) For existing constructions, aservice entrance can be usedtemporarily as an accessible

entrance, but it should not bethe only accessible entrance.

(2) Mechanical lifts arerecommended for buildingswhere modifications areimpossible or unacceptable.

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7. VESTIBULES


Narrow doorways and vestibules.


To provide sufficient space tomanoeuvre a wheelchair betweentwo sets of doors.


3.1 General

Vestibule entrance doors canbe either the sliding type or theswinging type.

For swinging doors, the doormechanism should allow themaximum opening swing.

3.2 Layout

The layout of two swingingdoors in a series can be one ofthe following:

(a) Outward-swinging (fig. 1);

(b) Double-swinging (fig. 2);

(c) Swinging in the samedirection (1) (fig. 3);

(d) Inward-swinging (fig. 4).


For narrow vestibules either ofthe following solutions can beemployed:

(a) Replace swinging doors withsliding doors;

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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(b) Change the direction of thedoor swing so that both doorscan be made to swing outwards,if possible (fig. 5).

(c) Install double-swinging doors

for small exit vestibules with aminimum width of 1.20 m.

(d) Remove the inside or seconddoor.

(e) Enlarge the existing vestibuleif possible (2)(fig. 6).

Notes:

(1) Doors swinging in the samedirection can be aligned, offset onopposite walls or offset onadjacent walls.

(2) This is recommended forvestibules that also serve asemergency exits because othersolutions, such as changing thedirection of the door swing, might

not solve the problem.

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

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- Automatic doors should havean adequate opening interval. -Guard-rails can be installednear double-swinging doors to

indicate a door-opening areaand to prevent people frombeing hit by the door.

(b) Revolving doors: -Revolving doors are notsuitable for the use of disabledpeople or people with prams.

- Wherever there are revolvingdoors, an adjacent accessibleswinging or sliding door shouldbe provided (fig. 3).

- Auxiliary gates should beprovided next turnstiles (fig. 3).

(c) Pivoted doors: - Pivoteddoors should swing away fromthe direction of travel whereverpossible.

- Pivoted doors in series are

considered as vestibules (seeVestibules).

(d) Sliding and folding doors: -Manual sliding and foldingdoors are recommended fornarrow spaces not heavilyused by the public (fig. 4).

3.3 Door opening

For exterior doors, theminimum opening is 0.90 mwhen the door is open.

For interior doors, theminimum opening is 0.80 mwhen the door is open.

The minimum door openingcan be 0.75 m if the access isstraight or if the door can stayopen by itself (fig. 5).

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7


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rest rooms should be 0.75 m.

For doors installed in anopening more than 0.60 m indepth, the clear door openingshould be at least 0.90 m (fig.

6).

For double-leaf doors, atleast one leaf should have aminimum clear width of 0.80 m(fig. 7).

3.4 Manual door hardware

Operational devices ondoors, such as handles, pulls,

latches and locks, should beeasy to grasp with one hand(fig. 8).

(a) Handles: - Lever-typehandles, push plates or pullhandles are recommended forswinging doors because theyare easy to open. (1)

- Round knobs are notrecommended.

- Door handles should belocated at a comfortable heightbetween 0.90 m and 1.00 mfrom the floor surface.

(b) Locks: Locks on entrancedoors should be mounted at acomfortable height between0.90 m and 1.00 m from thefloor.

(c) Extra pull handle: Tofacilitate closing, a door fittedwith spring closers should beequipped with an extra pullhandle approximately 0.30 m inlength, preferably placed at aslant. The handle can be bestlocated at 0.50 m from thehinged side of the door andmounted between 0.90 m and1.20 m from the floor.

Fig. 8

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3.5 Automatic doors hardware

Automatic doors can beactivated by:

(a) Push buttons located at a

comfortable height between0.90 m and 1.20 m; (b)Activating mats, which can alsoserve as a location cue (fig. 2);

(c) Card-insert switch;

(d) Remote control.

3.6 Threshold (fig. 8)

Thresholds should beomitted wherever possible.Weather-stripping at the doorbottom is preferred tothresholds.

The threshold should not bemore than 20 mm higher thanthe finished floor level.

Thresholds higher than 6

mm should be levelled or havesloped edges to facilitate thepassage of a wheelchair.

3.7 Exit doors landing

The exit landing should notbe lower than the finished floorlevel by more than 20 mm.

3.8 Glazing and glazed doors

Outward swinging doors anddoors in public corridors shouldhave low windows to enableusers to see oncoming traffic.The bottom edge of thewindow should not be higherthan 1.00 m from the finishedfloor level (fig. 8).

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Door openings narrowerthan 0.75 m should bewidened. A swing-clear hingeddoor may be used to slightlyenlarge an opening.

Notes:

(1) Lever type handles can beactivated by hand, elbow orother means.

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9. CORRIDORS


Long and narrow corridorscreating orientation difficulties.


To provide well-dimensionedcorridors to facilitate the passageand manoeuvring of a wheelchair.


3.1 General

Wide corridors are useful forwheelchair users, serviceequipment, high traffic areas, etc.

3.2 Width

The unobstructed width of alow-traffic corridor should not beless than 0.90 m. This also allowsmanoeuvrability in 90 turns (fig.

1).

The unobstructed width of apublic corridor should not be lessthan 1.50 m (1). Therecommended width is 1.80 m(fig. 2).

To allow manoeuvrability in 180turns, the minimum circulationspace should be as shown in

figure 3.

The corridor width should allowmanoeuvrability through the doorslocated along its length (fig. 2)(fig. 4).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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3.3 Obstructions

Obstacles protruding into thecorridor, such as drinkingfountains or public telephones,should be placed outside the

circulation path, in alcoves or cul-de-sacs (fig. 5).

Overhanging signs andobstacles should be mounted atleast 2.00 m high (fig. 6).

3.4 Surface

Changes in surface level ofmore than 13 mm should be

ramped.

Floor surfaces should be non-slip and even. Carpets should besecurely fastened.


Narrow corridors should bewidened along their full length iffeasible; otherwise, passing areas

should be located at appropriateintervals along the corridor length.

The minimum width of thepassing area should be 1.50 mand the minimum length shouldbe 2.40 m.

In highly restricted spaces, theheight of an obstacle or sign canbe dropped to 1.95 m.

Notes:

(1) 1.50 m is the minimum widthfor two wheelchairs to pass eachother or for one wheelchair tomake a full turn.

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

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10. REST ROOMS

1. PROBLEMIDENTIFICATION

Insufficient space inside arest room.

Poor design and positioningof fixtures and fittings.

Taps that are difficult togrip.


To provide sufficientaccessible space insiderest rooms, with all fixturesand fittings being withineasy reach.

3. DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS

3.1 General

Turning circles of 1.50 mdiameter are recommendedinside the rest room toallow for full-turnmanoeuvring of awheelchair.

The ease of transferringfrom a wheelchair to a toiletseat or bidet depends onthe approach. In generalthere are four differentapproaches:

(a) The parallel approach,which is the easiest (fig. 1);

(b) The diagonal approach,which is difficult (fig. 2);

(c) The perpendicularapproach, which is alsodifficult (fig. 3);

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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(d) The frontal approachwhich is the most difficultand needs particular care(fig. 4).

3.2 Public rest rooms

In any public rest room,at least one compartmentfor each sex should beaccessible to an ambulantdisabled person.

In any public rest room atleast one unisexcompartment should beaccessible to a wheelchair

user.

Accessible rest roomsshould be marked with theinternational symbol ofaccessibility. No indicationis needed if all rest roomsare accessible.

Pivoted doors shouldopen outward unlesssufficient space is providedwithin the toilet stall.

3.3 Special public restrooms

Installation of a separateunisex unit is alwaysdesirable in publicbuildings, even when allrest rooms are accessible,so as to allow a disabled

person to be assisted by anattendant of the oppositesex.

Special rest roomsshould be marked with theinternational symbol ofaccessibility but should notbe the only accessible restrooms.

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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A water-closet and alavatory should be providedwithin special rest rooms.

The size and layout ofspecial rest rooms should

comply with the minimumrequirements (fig. 5).

3.4 Residential rest rooms

Residential rest roomsinclude those in privateresidences, health facilities,dormitories and otherresidential institutionalsettings.

Residential bathroomsare usually equipped with atoilet, a bidet, a wash-basinand a bath-tub or shower.

In multiple-rest-roomarrangements (such asdormitories):

(a) Only one wash-basin

per rest room needs to beaccessible; (b) At least oneshower stall and one toiletstall should be designed fora wheelchair user.

To save space in privateoccupancies:

(a) The tiled floor areaadjacent to the tub can beused as a shower space;(b) The wash-basin seatmight be used as a seatduring the use of the wash-basin or the hand shower.

The size and layout ofresidential rest roomsshould comply with theminimum requirements(fig. 6).

Fig 6.

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3.5 Rest room fixtures

1) Water closets:

The size and layout ofwater-closets and toilet

stalls should comply withthe minimum requirement(fig. 7) (fig. 8).

The height of the toiletseat should be between0.45 m and 0.50 m from thefinished floor level. (1)

The distance betweenthe centre line of the toilet

seat and the adjacent wall,if provided with a grip bar,should be between 0.45 mand 0.50 m.

Grab bars should bemounted on the wall behindthe water closet, if it is ofthe tank-less type, and onthe side wall closest to thewater closet, or mounted onthe floor at the edges of theseat.

Grab bars should bemounted at a heightbetween 0.85 m and 0.95m from the floor.As analternative, the grab barcould be placed at a slant.

Flushing arrangementsand toilet paper should be

placed within reach at aheight between 0.50 m and1.20 m. It is alsorecommended to respect adistance of 50 cm from thecorner.

Accessible hand-operated flushing controls,located on the open side ofthe water-closet, are

recommended.

Fig. 7

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closets are recommended.

2) Lavatories:

The dimensions oflavatories should comply

with the minimumrequirements (fig. 9).

The height of a washbasin should be between0.80 m and 0.85 m above

the finished floor level. A

70 cm free space under the

wash basis should be

respected.

The distance betweenthe centre line of the wash-basin and the adjacent sidewall should at least be 0.45m.

The wash-basin may bedrawn forward from the walla distance between 0.15 mand 0.20 m.

No shelves must belocated above the wash-basin.

3) Bath-tubs:

In general bath-tubs aredifficult to use by thoseconfined to a wheelchair

without the help of anattendant.

The dimensions of bath-tubs should comply with theminimum requirements (fig.10).

The minimumdimensions of the bath-tubshould be 1.60 m x 0.70 m.

The height of the tub

Fig. 8

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and 0.50 m from finishedfloor level.

An in-tub seat or a seatat the same height of thetub should be provided atthe head side of the tub. (1)

In some cases, itt might beuseful to provide a smallwall at the open side of thebath tube, allowing peopleto sit on this before entering(more easily) the bath tube.

A grab bar should bemounted on the wallbetween 0.85 m and 0.95m from the finished floor

level. (2)

Tubs with a toe recessare recommended.

4) Showers:

The dimensions ofshowers should complywith the minimumrequirements (fig. 11) (fig.12).

The shower should havea seat convenientlypositioned for the showerhead at a height of 0.45 mand 0.50 m. (1)

The shower seat shouldbe of the hinged pull-downor removable type, notspring-loaded.

A grab bar should beplaced on the wall oppositethe seat and around theback wall, mounted at aheight between 0.85 m and0.95 m.

Slip resistant floors arethe best solution; however,rubber mats could provide

a valid alternative. In thiscase, drain openings

Fig. 9

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corner of the stall.

The floor of the showerstall should not be morethan 20 mm below the levelof the surrounding floor

area.

The shower stall shouldhave a levelled thresholdnot exceeding 13 mmabove the finished floor.

5) Bidets:

The dimensions of bidetsshould comply with theminimum requirements.

The upper edge of thebidet should be between0.45 m and 0.50 m from thefinished floor level. (1)

The distance betweenthe centre line of the bidet

and the adjacent wallshould be at least 0.45 m.

Wall mounted bidets arerecommended.

6) Urinals: (fig. 13)

At least one accessibleurinal should be provided inpublic rest rooms.

Urinals should have aclear space on both sides.

A full-length urinal is themost accessible.

Urinals with a protrudinglip should be mounted at aheight of 0.45 m from thefinished floor level.

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

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3.6 Rest room door

The clear door openingshould be at least 0.75 mwith the door in the openposition.

Doors should be lockablefrom inside and releasablefrom outside underemergency situations.

Regardless of the doortype, a handle should beplaced on the door from the

inside to facilitate closing.Another handle should beprovided on the outside(see Doors).

3.7 Accessories

All accessories, such assoap, towel and toilet paperdispensers, should beplaced at a height between0.50 m and 1.20 m from thefinished floor level and0,50 m from the corner.

3.8 Grab bars

Grab bars should beinstalled in water-closets,bath-tubs and showers toassist disabled persons touse the facilities safely andeasily. (2)

Grab bars should have adiameter of 30 mm to 40mm.

Wall-mounted grab barsshould extent between 35mm and 45 mm from thewall.

Grab bars should be

firmly fixed with stand loadsand should have non-slip

Fig. 13

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usually prevent slipping.

3.9 Mirrors

Mirrors should besuitable for use by both

standing and seatedpersons. Low mirrors ordownward tilted mirrors canbe used.

The bottom edge ofmirrors should be located ata maximum height of 1.00m from the finished floorlevel (fig. 9).

3.10 Faucets

Single-lever mixing-typefaucets, which are easilyoperated by hand or elbow,are recommended. Faucetswith push buttons are alsoconvenient.

The clearance betweenthe grip of the tap and anyadjacent vertical surfaceshould not be less than 35mm.

The space between twotaps should not be lessthan 0.20 m.

The left tap should beconnected to the hot watersupply.

Telephone fixtures with acord at least 1.50 m longare recommended for usein showers and bath-tubs.These can be hand-held orfixed at an adjustableheight between 1.20 m and1.80 m from the floor to suitall users.

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3.11 Flooring

Rest rooms must nothave doorsteps. Thegradient of the floor shouldbe as low as possible.

Thresholds should beavoided. When inevitable,the maximum thresholdheight should be 20 mm(see Doors).

Flooring materials shouldbe skid-proof and easy toclean.

The floor should be well-drained and provided withadequate waterproofing.

3.12 Alarms

Rest rooms should beequipped with an alarmsystem.

3.13 Pipes

All exposed hot waterpipes should be insulatedor covered.

It is preferable that pipesbe fitted in the wall.

4. EXISTING

CONSTRUCTIONS

4.1 Public rest rooms

For accessible buildings, atleast one accessible unisexrest room should beprovided per facility.

4.2 Water-closets

To obtain an accessibletoilet combine two adjacent

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water-closet and the mutualpartition, provided that thenumber of remainingfixtures is sufficient for thefloor population.

4.3 Urinals

Existing high urinals neednot be replaced ifaccessible toilet fixtures areavailable.

One urinal per rest roomcan be lowered.

4.4 Rest room vestibules

For narrow vestibules,replace doors withautomatic door openers oruse swing clear hinges.

Doors that restrictmanoeuvring space, shouldbe removed so long as thisdoes not inhibit privacy.

4.5 Grab bars

If grab bars are notprovided in the initialconstruction, walls shouldbe reinforced to withstandloads.

4.6 Accessories

Rest room accessorieslocated at a maximumheight of 1.40 m need notbe modified if they areaccessible.

4.7 Mirrors

If existing mirrors are toohigh, they can be tilted or afull-length mirror can beinstalled on another wall.

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Notes:

(1) Toilet seats, bidets,shower seats and bath-tubseats are required to be

mounted at the sameheight of the wheelchairseat, i.e. between 0.45mand 0.50 m above floorlevel.

(2) Grab bars aremanufactured in variousdimensions and shapes.They can either be wall-mounted or floor-mounted.Retractable bars are alsoavailable.

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APPENDIX ONE: IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS

I. TROUBLESHOOTING

1. Wheelchair users

Problem Measure

Overcoming differences in levelbetween road and pavement

Install curb ramps

Bridging great differences in heightusually tackled by providing stairs

Provide ramps, wide elevator cabs orplatform lifts

Manoeuvring in tight spaces Provide wide routes and spaces

Passing through narrow dooropenings and over high thresholds

Provide sufficiently wide dooropenings with low levelled thresholds ornone at all

Reaching high-mounted controls andobjects

Provide low-mounted controls

Manoeuvring in rest rooms Install grab bars, bath-tub and

shower seats

2. People with limited walking abilities

Problem Measure

Overcoming differences in level Provide curb ramps, ramps, elevatorsor platform lifts

Manoeuvring in situations requiringspeed

Increase the pedestrian crossing timeinterval

Increase the opening interval ofelevators and automatic doors

Climbing stairs and ramps Provide handrails for gripping

Manoeuvring in rest rooms Provide sufficiently wide rest rooms

Provide grab bars, bath-tub and ashower seat

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Passing through narrow dooropenings and over high thresholds

Provide sufficiently wide dooropenings with low beveled thresholdsor none at all

3. People with limited use of hands or arms

Problem Measure

Opening heavy doors Use automatic or easy-to-open doors

Gripping door knobs Use lever-type door handles

Gripping faucets Use lever-type or push-buttonsfaucets

4. The sightless

Problem Measure

Orientation Provide guide strips within thepathway surface

Provide raised curbs and other

detectable guiding elementsProvide tactile marking strips to

indicate changes in direction and thelocation of stairs and ramps

Identifying obstructions within thepath of travel

Provide textured paving or tactilemarking strips around obstructions

Crossing roads Provide audible traffic signals

Manoeuvring in elevators Provide audible signals and callbuttons with tactile text

Recognizing emergency situations Provide audible alarm signals

Locating exit doors and stairs Provide tactile marking around theknobs of exit doors and the handrails ofexit

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5. The partially sighted

Problem Measure

Identifying obstructions within thepath of travel Provide bright-coloured markings orsignals to identify obstructions

Orientation Provide clearly legible lettering andsufficiently large dimensions fordirection signs

Crossing roads Provide audible traffic signals

Manoeuvring in elevators and inemergency situations

Use contrasting colour for doors,handrails, tactile signs, etc

Locating facilities Provide alarm signals

6. The hearing impaired

Problem Measure

Crossing roads Provide clearly visible coloured signs

and traffic signals

Managing in situations involving theuse of speech messages, verbaltransmission and interaction

Use clearly written messages,especially in emergency situationsInstall induction loops in assembly hallsand in public telephones

Not hearing door, elevator andemergency

Provide flashing light signals

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APPENDIX TWO: IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLISTS

ANTHROPOMETRICS

Dimensional data varies from oneperson to another, and the averagedimensions vary from one country toanother. The dimensions of theindividual human being vary with time.The tables below provide a range ofdimensions derived from variousstudies. The given measurements takeinto consideration size variationbetween males and females as well asbetween different persons of the samesex.

Wheelchair Dimensions (fig.1)

Dimensions shown in the figure are of aconventional manual wheelchair. Thelarger, encircled dimensions refer toelectric wheelchairs.

Fig.1

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Dimensional data to a normal person(fig. 2)

Height 1.50 m - 1.90 m

Eye 1.40 m - 1.75 m

Shoulder 1.20 m - 1.55 m

Fig. 2

Dimensional data of a wheelchair user

Fig. 3

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Reaching zones of a normal person(fig. 4)

Max. Reach Up 1.85 m - 2.10 m

Oblique Reach

Up 1.65 m - 2.00 m

Forward Reach 1.30 m - 1.45 m

Fig. 4

Vertical reaching zones of a wheelchair user

Fig. 5

Horizontal forward reach of awheelchair user (fig. 6)

Eye 1.16 m - 1.33 mShoulder 0.99 m - 1.14 m

Fig. 6

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Common reaching zone

Fig. 7

Field of Vision

Fig.8

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Pathway dimensions

Visually impaired personusing a long white cane.

Person using a cane Persons using crutches

Detectable path dimension

Fig. 9

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Wheelchair manoeuvring space

Fig. 10

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Manoeuvring at doors

Fig 11.

Documents

Design Consideration PWD