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BY
AKSHAY S. MARATHE
CAD-CAM
The term was first proposed by K. Eric Drexler in the 1970's.
A nanometer is one billionth of a meter.
It is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular
scale.
It is currently undergoing extensive development
Definition:
Nanomanufacturing is both the production of nanoscaled
materials, which can be powders or fluids, and the
manufacturing of parts "bottom up" from nanoscaled
materials or "top down" in smallest steps for high precision
Materials exhibit unique properties at these scales
Increase in toughness
High hardness
Low thermal co-efficient of expansion
Top-down approach: (1) Scanning probe lithography
(2) Focused beam lithography
(3) Nanoimprint lithography
Bottom-up approach: (1) Chemical vapor deposition
(2) Physical vapor deposition
(3) Dip-pen nanolithography
(4) Self assembly
Starts from large piece of material and gradually reducing it
to a nanostructure
Used by the semi-conductor industry
This approach offers reliability and device complexity
However it uses energy in large amount and produces more
waste
It is a mechanical approach to realize patterning
Different configurations are available such as Scanning tunneling microscope and Atomic force microscope
Mechanical patterning
Scanning tunneling microscope
Block diagram of Atomic force microscope
It is a high resolution patterning method where electron or
ion beam is used
Uses modern electron microscope
High-energy ions tend to damage the sample surface
It is a method of fabricating nanometer scale patterns
It creates patterns by mechanical deformation of imprint resist and
subsequent processes
It is able to replicate sub-10 nm patterns with high throughput
Nano-imprint lithography
It involves building up of structures, atom by atom or
molecule by molecule
More economical as there is very less wastage of material
Formation of films and structures is much easier
It is a relatively matured coating process
It is widely used in ceramic and semiconductor industry
It is a surface coating methods in which materials are
evaporated by electron beam, ion beam, plasma
There are no chemical reactions involved in this method
This process usually requires a high vacuum environment to
allow the vapor to reach the substrate and to reduce the
impurity of deposited films
It enables direct deposition of nanoscale materials onto a
substrate in a flexible manner
This technique allows surface patterning on scales of under
100 nanometers
It uses an Atomic force microscope tip to deposit organic
molecules
Molecular ink diffusing from a nanoscale
tip to a surface through a water meniscus
It is the autonomous organization of components into patterns or structures without human intervention
Many biological systems use self-assembly to assemble various molecules and structures
Manufacturing will benefit from applications of self-assembly
CURRENT APPLICATIONS:
Electronics industry:
Use of nanoscale features to improve
processing speed, memory capacity,
reliability etc
Sensing units:
Use of nanosensors for medicinal purpose and for
making nanoscale computer chips
Materials and chemical industry
Information storage devices
Nanosensor
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS:
Aviation industry
Nano bots
Pharmaceuticals and Bio- technology
THANK YOU