Using worldmapper in teaching - discussing inequality in the

classroomA Talk In Two Parts

Danny Dorling (University of Sheffield), Prince’s Trust Summer School for Secondary School Geography teachers, Homerton College, Cambridge 28/6/2010

Slides created by

Benjamin Hennig

View an interactive multimedia version of this lecture athttp://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/presentations/

PART 1: Our world

Our world

Countries and regions

Vancouver

How many people are there on our world?

In your school: 500

1, 2, 3 - quite a lot

In your school: 500 In Sheffield: 500 000 (= 1000 schools)

1, 2, 3 - quite a lot

In your school: 500 In Sheffield: 500 000 In the United Kingdom: 60 000 000 (= 120 Sheffields or 120 000 schools)

1, 2, 3 - quite a lot

In your school: 500 In Sheffield: 500 000 In the United Kingdom: 60 000 000 In the World: 6 800 000 000 (= 112 Uks or 13 600 Sheffields or 13.6 million

schools)

From land to people

World population

China:1.3 billion

people

India:1.2 billion

people

USA:309 million

people

Europe:732 million

people

Africa:973 million

people

Latin America:577 million

people

English speakers

USA:240 million

native speakers

UK:55 million

native speakers

Australia:16 million

native speakers

Welsh speakers

Argentina (Patagonia):5000

native speakers

UK:470 000

native speakers

USA:2700

native speakers

Where we are

The United Kingdom

How many toys we buy from other countries

Who is making our toys

China:Making toys worth

$12.6 billionHong Kong:

Making toys worth

$6.6 billionMexico:Making toys worth

$0.6 billion

IS MORE EQUAL MORE GREEN?

Part 2:

Originally from the Monday night lecture17.05.2010, Royal Geographical Society, London

The famous ‘Earth at night’ image reprojected on an equal population cartogram

Global Inequality

24 of the richest countries of the world (by GDP per capita) which are home to at least two million people,

they are home to 13% of the world’s population, and almost 50% of world income (GDP)

Global Population

Japan

Germany

France

Spain

UK

USA

This is a reprojection of the population distribution, showing where most people are living

A few countries are highlighted to make it easier to read.

Global Wealth

The world resized according to each country’s gross domestic product Source: modified and updated map from www.worldmapper .org

Japan

Germany

France

Spain

UK

USA

Inequality in Britain

2010: By wealth Britain has become more unequal that at any time since 1918. This is not least because of continuously rising income inequalities.

Rising income inequalities, even after tax move the country a quarter of the way towards the position of the USA (1997-2008).

Health inequalities between areas surpass the last maxima recorded in the 1930s.

Sources: see http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/geography/staff/dorling_danny/papers.html

Understanding Inequality

Inequality can be explained by looking at the ratio of the share of income from the richest 10% to the poorest 10% of the population.

In the United Kingdom this ratio is 13∙8

...but what does it mean?

This ratio was revealed by the UNDP in their world report 2009 (table M)

Understanding Inequality

For this, let us have a look at the wealth of 26 people living in our country. Let’s talk about Alfie, Benjamin, Charlotte, Danny, Emily, Finley, Grace, Harry, Isaac, Jack, Katie, Lily, Mohammed, Noah, Oliver, Phoebe, Queenie, Ruby, Sophie, Thomas, Ursula, Vernon, William, Xavier, Yugo...and Zac.

These 26 people are not typical, 14 are from the poorest tenth, only 1 from the richest

£100

So there is Zac. Zac is a typical member of the richest 10% of people in Britain when all ranked by income. Let’s have a look at a small fraction of his income. Let’s have a look at £100 of his recently acquired money.

Zac may earn £100 in an hour if he is one of the very best off amongst the top 10%

£50

Below Zac the next group earn much less. Yugo and Xavier look up to him, because they only gain £50 for every £100 he gains.At the same time...

For everyone in Zac’s position there are two people earning half as much as him

£28

...William, Vernon and Ursula have £28.They see that there are some people above them, having almost twice to four times as much as they do.And while they think of getting more...

For everyone in Xavier’s and Yugo’s position there are three earning half again.

£14

...Thomas, Sophie, Ruby, Queenie, Phoebe and Oliver live with £14 in their pocket and see the others above them.And this is not the end, because...

And again - but still all these people are not amongst the poorest tenth

£7

...at the same time Noah, Mohammed, Lily, Katie, Jack, Isaac, Harry, Grace, Finley, Emily, Danny, Charlotte, Benjamin and Alfie are left with £7 each. Only they all together manage to get the £100 that Zac has in his pocket.

In practise the poorest tenth of people in Britain earn or receive around: £9 a day

13∙8!

This is an inequality of 13∙8:1.It needs Alfie, Benjamin, Charlotte, Danny, Emily, Finley, Grace, Harry, Isaac, Jack, Katie, Lily, Mohammed and Noah of the poorest 10% of the population to earn all that money that Zac of the richest 10% has alone...In total there are as many Zacs as there are Alfies, or Benjamins, or...

Inequality in the rich world17.7 Singapore

15.9 United States

15.0 Portugal13∙8 United Kingdom13.4 Israel

12.5 Australia

12.5 New Zealand

11.6 Italy

10.3 Spain

10.2 Greece

9.4 Canada

9.4 Ireland

9.2 Netherlands

9.1 France

9.0 Switzerland

8.2 Belgium

8.1 Denmark

7.3 Slovenia

6.9 Austria

6.9 Germany

6.2 Sweden

6.1 Norway

5.6 Finland

4.5 Japan

In most other affluent countries the lives and income of Zacs and Alfies are more similar

Japan4∙5

Germany6∙9

France9∙1

Spain 10∙3

UK13∙8

USA15∙9

Super-rich

Wealth inequalities are far greater than income inequalities: The richest 10% in London have wealth which is 273 times greater than that of the poorest 10%. The wealth of the 1000 richest in the UK is even greater: 359 times higher than that of the richest 10%. These super-rich own £335.5 billion, adding £77 billion to their wealth in 2009 alone.

Calculated from figures provided by the Hills enquiry and Sunday Times, 2010

Effects of inequality

Nobody can spend as much money as the super rich have! You might then think that there is less waste if wealth is distributed like this.Is that true?You might think this isn’t real wealth, and people aren’t really that poor. So how do inequality and a consumption correlate?

Isn’t it better to have the rich as custodians of most of the national wealth?

The effects of the effects...of inequality

We are going to look at Meat consumption Water consumption Waste production Number of Flights Ecological impact

in each of the most affluent countries.

You might think: "Surely, if a few people hold most of the wealth we all consume less?"

Inequality and meatM

eat

consu

mpti

on in k

g p

er

year

per

pers

on

Inequality

Not if you are concerned about how much meat we farm and consume

Japan

Germany

France

Spain

UK

USA

Inequality and waterw

ate

r in

m3 p

er

year

per

pers

on

Inequality

Not if you are concerned about how much water we use (apart from the UK!)

Japan

Germany

France

Spain

UK

USA

Inequality and waste

Not if you are concerned about how much waste we each produce

Japan

Germany FranceSpain

UK

USA

Inequality

Singapore

1100

Munic

ipal w

ast

e c

olle

cted (

kg p

er

capit

a

per

year)

Inequality and flights

60Norway

Ireland

New Zealand

annual air

craft

depart

ure

s per

thousa

nd

people

Inequality

Not if you are concerned about how many flights we each take (on average)

Japan

GermanyFrance

Spain

UK

USA

Italy

Canada

Inequality and ecology

Inequality

Eco

logic

al fo

otp

rint

in g

lobal hect

are

s per

capit

a

Japan

Germany

France

SpainUK

USA

Singapore

Not if you are concerned about how many planets we might need to exist:An Ecological Footprint of 2.1 global hectares per capita equals one-planet living

Data sources

UNDP/FAO http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=126

UNDP/LPR http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=104

UNSD http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ENVIRONMENT/qindicators.htm

World Bank World Development Indicators 2005 (IS.AIR.DPRT)

WWF Living Planet Index 2008

More and more geographical data is becoming available, often for the first time.

Ecological impact of the rich

How does this relate to the ecological impact of those 24 countries on the globe as a whole, and how do the poorer nations compare – to what extent does global inequality have an impact on a sustainable future of the planet as well as inequalities within the rich world?

The poor in unequal rich countries consume more than in more equal countries

Ecological Footprint

The map shows the ecological footprint (EF), a measure of the resources used per head in each country. A EF of 2.1 global hectares per capita equals one-planet living on the basis that everyone is entitled to the same amount of the planet’s natural resources. -

Source: New Economics Foundation, Happy Planet Index

Ecological Footprint

When we draw the same map upon the world population cartogram it may not initially appear to be so bad. The countries that consume too much contain fewer people, so

not such a problem?However...This map is misleading – we need to reproject the basemap again for a fair

picture

Ecological Footprint

If we reproject the globe again so that the area of each grid cell is drawn in proportion to the ecological impact of the people who live in that area, then we see that most of

the damage is being caused by the rich world and more of that (per capita) by the most unequal countries of the rich world (which China services).

Japan

Germany

France

Spain

UK

USA

Conclusion

“We should … dethrone the idea that maximising the growth in measured prosperity, GDP per capita, should be an explicit objective of economic and social policy.”

Adair Turner, Chair of the UK Financial Services Authority, 2007

“They want the politics of hope and not the politics of fear and that’s what we are about.”

Caroline Lucas, Green Party, 2010http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2010/may/07/caroline-lucas-uk-first-

green-mp

Conclusion

To consume less, you need to feelyou have more in common with other people.

If success is about having a lot of money,success is about consuming more and wasting more.

Consumption by everybody is lessin countries where everyone is more equal.

All affluent countries need to reduce their levels of consumption by reducing social inequalities.

Through their dominance of global media and marketing the rest of the world usually looks up towards richer countries.

What example are we providing?

Suicide (deaths due to self-inflicted injury) was often and in some places still is considered to be a sin or a crime. Now it usually recognised as being due to mental illness (psychiatric disorders), and is the commonest cause of death amongst people with depression, manic-depression, and schizophrenia. Mentally ill people are far more a danger to themselves than to others.. Map of

suicides: http://www.worldmapper.org/display_extra.php?selected=482

http://www.worldpopulationatlas.org[Country maps by Benjamin Hennig]

The map shows the population of each territory multiplied by the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Program. This is a measure of quality of life. It combines measures of health, wealth and education in a territory.

This map shows the distribution of one major brand of fast food outlet. By 2004 there were 30,496 of these outlets worldwide.Of these, 45% were located within the United

States

In 2003, 92% of malaria cases and 94% of malarial deaths were recorded as being in African territories. The other 6% of deaths were mainly in Asia Pacific and Southern Asia.The total deaths recorded were 0.15% of the total cases. Whilst there were most malaria cases in Southeastern Africa, there were most deaths in Central Africa. Symptoms of malaria include fever and vomiting. Most deaths occur in cerebral malaria.

China

India

United States

Indonesia

Brazil

Russian (Fed)

J apan

Nigeria

Germany

Turkey

Ethiopia

Congo (DR)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

malaria deaths 2003/2002 (per 100,000 people)

cum

ula

tive p

opula

tion (m

illions)highest malaria death rates

Rank Country Value

1 Angola 86

2 Sao Tome & Principe 77

3 Malawi 59

4 Guinea-Bissau 56

5 Namibia 55

6 Zambia 54

7 Congo 40

7 Gabon 40

7 Equatorial Guinea 40

10 United Republic of Tanzania 39

(per 100,000 persons 2003/2002)

China

India

United States

Indonesia

Brazil

Russian (Fed)

J apan

Nigeria

Germany

Turkey

EthiopiaCongo (DR)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

number of McDonalds restaurants open end 2004 (per million persons)

cum

ula

tive p

opula

tion (m

illions 2

002)

http://www.worldmapper.org/data/nomap/364_worldmapper_data.xls

China

India

United States

Indonesia

Brazil

Russian (Fed)

J apan

Nigeria

Germany

Turkey

EthiopiaCongo (DR)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

human development index 2002 (low:0 to high:1 per person)

cum

ula

tive p

opula

tion (m

illions)

http://www.worldmapper.org/data/nomap/173_worldmapper_data.xls

China

India

United States

Indonesia

Brazil

Russian (Fed)J apan

Nigeria

Germany

Turkey

Ethiopia

Congo (DR)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200

proportion killed by cause in 2002 (per million persons 2002)

cum

ula

tive p

opula

tion (m

illio

ns)

most people killed by cause 2002

Rank Country Value

1 Lithuania 455

2 Russian Federation 410

3 Belarus 382

4 Kazakhstan 371

5 Ukraine 358

6 Sri Lanka 319

7 Latvia 305

8 Slovenia 295

9 Estonia 287

10 Hungary 282

(deaths per million people in 2002)

Suicide

This map shows the distribution of the 15.9 million people worldwide who protested against the invasion of Iraq in 2003

Between 1980 and 2000, 72% of territories increased their emissions of carbon dioxide, totalling 6.6 billion tonnes a year.

Other territories reduced their emissions by 1.9 billion tonnes a year.

3D-VISUALIZATION: IDEAS FROM INFOVIS – Slide from Ben

9 March 2008 64Worldmapper & Flow Mapping | II. VisualizationCompilation using images from www.cybergeography.org

Immigration/Emigration (UK)

To end on……………

View an interactive multimedia version of this lecture athttp://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/presentations/