Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
ST. AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA
Faculty of Social Sciences and Communication
The role of Community Radio in Promoting Social Development
Case Study: Radio SAUT
Research Paper on Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Bachelor Degree of Art in Mass Communication Submitted to the Department of Journalism and
Mass Communication of SAUT
Lekule Immaculate, A
June, 2013
DECLARATION
I, Lekule Immaculate A,. I declare that this research paper is my own original work. It
has not been and will not be presented to any other University for the similar award.
Signature____________________
Researcher's name: Lekule Immaculate A.
Signature:____________________
Supervisor's name: Denis Mpagaze (Research Supervisor)
Supervisor's position: Assistant Lecturer
i
ii
COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved by the copyright law,; no parts of this research paper may be
reproduced, reprinted or storeds in any form or any means electronic mechanism,
photocopy without the permission from Lekule Immaculate . A .Sr. or SAUT.
Failure to that law will take its course under the copyright rule.
© 2013 LEKULE IMMACULATE A.
iii
iv
DEDICATION
This This work research is dedicatis dedicatedion to my belovedmy beloved parents
parents Mr. and Mrs. Andrea P. Mmasai and my mother Germana for their moral
support and prayers during my three years of study at SAUT. May Almighty God
reward you abundantly.
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank God for the good health and protection he granted me during
my studies that enabled me to reach the end of my studies at SAUT. I will live to
serve and praise him all the days of my life.
I also thankalso thanks go myto my Congregation for the the granting me studying
opportunity to pursue degree in mass communication.chance they gave to me to study
in this university of SAUT and the financial support they gave me. Lastly My
appreciation is due to thanks goes to my supervisor Mr. Denis Mpagaze for his
tirelessly guidance during my research, he made me work very hard with love and
great patience. Thanks Mr. Mpagaze. May God bless you. Also I would like to thank
Mr. Paul ShukuruPaul forShukuru for proofreading and editing my work helping me
to read and correct my materials during my research. Thank you and May God
blessGod bless you.
vii
ABSTRACT
The major objective of this study was to determine the role of media in promoting sSocial
dDevelopment in Tanzania. Throughout the study the major focus was taken into specific
objectives of the study which were;- to identify social development programs aired by
radio SAUT, to evaluate people’s perception towards Radio SAUT development
programmes, and at last to assess the relevance of Radio SAUT development programs to
the society’s needs.
The study was guided by participant media theory formulated by Fourie in, 2001(2001)
which statinges that the cCommunity participation is an inherent feature in any
democracdemocratic nationy. The theory was developed in reaction to existing theories
such as normative theories which rarely took into account the development of new media
and the rise of large media organizations.
The research applied case study research design that is to mean that the focus has been
taken into specific objectives of the study in collection and analysis of data. Various
instruments were used to obtain data for this instance interviewsInterviews and
viii
questionnaires were used in data collection.
The study came with the findings which revealed that Radio SAUT has a key role to play
in amplifying social development through its programs. In other view the audience has
credited the radio as an animator in social aspects such as health awareness, human
rights, social welfare. Some critics were also risen on the sustainability of the radio due to
inconsistency in its operation. Generally the station has emerged as important in social
development despites having some critical challenges audience and management.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATION..................................................................................................................i
COPYRIGHT......................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION...................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................1
Problem Setting...................................................................................................................1
1.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study............................................................................................1
1.1.1 Historical Background of Radio SAUT..................................................................2
1.2 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................2
1.3 Research objectives....................................................................................................2
1.4 Research questions.....................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the study............................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................5
Literature Review................................................................................................................5
2.0 Introduction................................................................................................................5
2.1 Theoretical argument.................................................................................................5
2.2 Theoretical Framework..............................................................................................7
CHAPTER THREE...........................................................................................................10
Research Methodology......................................................................................................10
3.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................10
3 .1 Research Design......................................................................................................10
3.2 Population of the study............................................................................................10
3.3 Sampling technique and Sample size.......................................................................10
3.4 Methods for Data Collection....................................................................................11
3.5 Data analysis............................................................................................................11
CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................12
Presentation of Findings....................................................................................................12
CHAPTER FIVE...............................................................................................................22
Discussion and Conclusion................................................................................................22
x
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................27
APPENDICES...................................................................................................................29
APPENDIX ONE..............................................................................................................29
Questionnaires to the Audience.........................................................................................29
APPENDIX TWO.............................................................................................................32
Interview guide for managing director of radio SAUT.....................................................32
APPENDIX THREE..........................................................................................................33
Interview guide with program producers...........................................................................33
xi
CHAPTER ONE
Problem Setting
CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction
This chapter consists of background of the study, sStatement of the problem, objectives
of the study, research questions and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of the study
White (2008) argues that the use of resources to improve health or education facilities
requires a certain community mobilization. This is not without good communication. The
resources available from central government are not used at all or are used badly.
Brosseu and Socin, (2001) argues that there is a great relationship between broadcasting
and development. The relationship rises as broadcasting based on audio visual capacities
despite this technology people are poor and improvement is too little.
Therefore, according to Benedict Mongula, (2008) argued that mass media has potential
role of informing agreeing the public regarding current affairs, and social economic
problems, new trends in developments, demands of the accountability in public services
and other stems of major interest of the citizens so that the public can be able to make
intelligent decisions. For example,
According to Robert White, (2008) has argued that the use of resources to improve health
or education facilities requires a certain of community mobilization but without good
communication, the resources available from the central government are not used to
1
benefit the larger public. used at all or used badly.
Social development can only All the mentioned above can be enhanced possible if and
only there is a strong and free press in a particular society. It is through media that people
media to org organize people through programmers to initiate in them (people) the
spiritand develop of solidarity and team work for development and the better off their
standards of living.
State of Media in Tanzania
The introduction of Since the trade liberalizationtrade liberalization inpolicies in early
1990 brought about , to date we Tanzanians have impressed the new mushrooming of
radio stations and many of them privately owned. With this mushrooming, Tanzanians
have freedom to access every sort of information of their interests. However, Ddespite of
being well informed and taking into consideration that information is power; the majority
of Tanzania is economically poor. this reality Tanzanians are still poor and not able to
organize themselves to explore the resources in their surrounding due to lack of
information from these Medias through their programs.Who is to blame? This study
therefore,
Therefore, the researcher wants tosought to assess the role of media in promoting social
development in a society. Focusing will be on radio SAUT to see whether they promote
development through their programs for the people around them especially Luchelele.as a
key information provider of Luchelele people.
2
1.1.1 Historical Background of Radio SAUT
The origin of radio SAUT goes back toas 1998 by the name; when RaRadio Nyanza FM
under Nyegezi Social Training Institution (NSTI). was founded by Robert Otieno
Ndong’a is the founder of the radio. The radio was Radio Nyanza by then was located at
Malimbe which at the time was known as the Agriculture Training Institute within the
college grounds Nyanza Fm was set up to accomplish the spiritual and secular mission of
its owner, the Tanzania Episcopal conference and to meet the needs (agricultural and
fishing) of its nearby local communities audience around them that is agriculturalist,
fishing communities around Lake Victoria with the aim of informing, educating and
entertainments.
Its mission and vision
To train professionals broadcast journalist to serve Tanzania, Africa and the world and
large.
Helping listeners to implement the vision of Tanzania andTanzania theand the Church
of Africa inAfrica in building the City of God.
Following the University vision of building the City of God, radio SAUT tries to be
closer to the community of the marginalized regardless their political and religious
backgrounds.without taking the account of their political party’s ethnic groups, or
religious backgrounds.
The programs are then purposely for helping the listeners to improve their aspects of
health fishing, environmental; issues, women and children.
3
1.2 Statement of the problem
Amartya Seni once said that where there is free and independent media the society cannot
face hunger. It is through media people have the ability to identify the problem and
enable them to make vibrant decisions regarding their wellbeing (Mpagaze 2012). It is
the media which provide an increasingly important means of making their voices heard,
increasingly facilitating horizontal and interpersonal communications and debate and
provide mechanism for formulation of identity and creation of community space. This
study wasis therefore seeking to determine the role of radio SAUT in promoting social
development.
1.3 Research objectives
1.3.1 Main objective.
To determine the role of media in promoting Social Development in Tanzania with the
reference to Radio SAUT FM.
1.3.2 Specific objectives.
1 To identify social development programs aired by radio SAUT.
2 To evaluate people’s perception towards Radio SAUT development programmes.
3 To assess the relevance of Radio SAUT development programs to the society’s
needs.
1.4 Research questions.
1 Are there any Which are social development programs aired by radio SAUT
2 What are people’s perceptionare people’s perceptions toward Radio SAUT on
4
development programs?
3 Is there any relevance of radio SAUT development programs to the society’s
needs?
1.5 Significance of the study.
The knowledge obtained in this study will help radio SAUT on how to venture in
their programs for social development for the wellbeing of the community.better
services for the community.
5
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.0 Introduction
This chapter consists of theoretical argument, theoretical framework, empiricaland
empirical literature review and knowledge gap.
2.1 Theoretical argument
2.1.1 Understanding community radio
Alumuku (2006) aArgues that community radio is the participatory and democratic
medium of communication capable o
of initiating dialogue and stimulating critical thinking at the grass root. It is medium of
the people in which the om community speaks to itself as well as the rest of the world.
Community radio plays a central role in community development. To play this role they
used to provide quality programs to ensure continued audience and support from the
community
Community radio aspires to achieve the ideal of changing the local community to a
caring community and a better place to live in. Tthis has potential to increase awareness
among audience to participate actively in their social economic and cultural development.
It aims at improving the lieaving standards of people and financing solution to their local
problems. community radio is an alternative media is the counter balance to profit
6
motivate corporate media.
According to Alumuku (2006) ), argues what community radiomedia emphasis ized is to
facilitate improvement of people with their achieve participation in the process not as
passive listeners but active participants. It Community radio has specific objective to
promote people’s agenda ; first locallike local knowledge on culture, human rights and
social justice, environment issues and community problems as well as issues related to
development.
Through Community radio for social development can promote participatory relationship
with the sector that resultresults for promoting public participation and governance,
media can promote social development (Mtimde, 2002).
Since community development is linked to the needs of the people peoplein localized, so
it is logical that development should start with the people. This means community based
development, development initiated by the people and controlled by the people
themselves. Community radio can help people discover well resources including people’s
culture, nature history, institutions, activities and commodities. Such discovery usually
happens through various programmes focusing on history, culture and nature in the
community, hosted by experts (Osukule, 2005).
Community radio is used to motivate concerns, arousing people to think about and
hopefully, ultimately to on development issuesact to something. Radio programs on
political themes often seek to motivate people to national patriotism, programs about
environment seek to motivate people to becoame more conscious of their ecology and
religious programs seeks to inspire hope, love of neighbors’ or to find inner peace.
7
Community radio is used to inform the public , example programmes on local, national
news,, information news farm news on agriculture, weather, information about social
activities and services available to audience for development of skills, . Community radio
is mandated to educate through progammes on how mothers can prepare more nutrition’s
meals for their families, farms on how to plant better crops and how to choose better
seeds for better harvest. So using radio to teach for non formal education is probably
most important for development purpose.
It is confirmed that radio has great potentiality for development especially for many low-
income people, countries among people and those who are physically isolated, illiterate
and poor. They provide much evidence that radio can be used in efforts to improve the
lives of the peoplepeople . (Bates, 1984)
2.1.2 Community radio for social development
Social development refers to improvement of human life condition of individual and
social levels. The term improvement, in this sense means a positive change for better
social, economic, political, cultural, human and spiritual conditions. According to
Kasoma, (2001) there is no universal path to development, for it must be conceived as an
integralintegral, malt dimensional dimational and dialectic process that differ from one
society to another. Development is a many sided processprocess . (Melkcote and Steeves,
2001).
Development is meaningful when it is experienced from grassroots, and not imposed
from above. The idea and plans for actions have to come out of the community
deliberation. And that is what it means to be self-reliant. This is to avoid a top-down
8
system of development in favor of down-top mode of development because if respects
people’s ideas and contributions. People know what they need so they have to participate
in development programs.
Regular listening groups are another way of using radio for rural development. This
method has been used in many countries and has proved successful. In Canada, for
instance, such programs known as radio farm forum helped people listen, discuss and act.
This enhances development as what they do becomes their own decisions.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
Thise study was guided by participant media theory formulated by Fourie (in, 2001). The
theory states which states that the cCommunity participation is an inherent feature in a
democracy, but the ever-emphases and over centralization of the mass society tends to
inhibit individuals and minorities from realistic opportunities for participation in the area
of mass communication. The theory was developed in reaction to existing theories such
as normative theories which rarely took into account the development of new media and
the rise of large media organization
The theory is primarily a reaction to the trends towards commercialization in public
broadcasting Thebroadcasting. The theory advocates for the promotion of media
development towards the direct and active participation of communities in publications
and narrows casting as opposed to broadcasting. The participant media theory is
characterized by the establishment of more local interactive television system and digital
villages (Fourie, 2001). The democratic participant model incorporates the local
9
communities which are usually not reached by the mainstream centralized media. It lays
emphasis on the local and subcultures as well as horizontal interaction more than
dominant mainstream media which are usually top down (Kwaramba 2000).
In respect to community radio, this would relate to the concretization and empowerment
aimed at enabling communities to gain and understanding of their situation, develop
confidence and ability to change their lives.
In some radio stations, community members are able to act as reporters, thus they tend to
be more interested in community including people, events facilities, building, nature and
history. Some programs serve to exchange information about communities and establish
connections among or between communities. Local stores and companies are also
important resources in the community. Example, some stations issue a members
cardmember card with which a member is given the privilege of discounts in local stores
and companies that cooperate with the radio station.
10
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction
The chapter discusses entails the methods which the researcher used to conduct to his
study. This includes the research design, sample size and sampling techniques, data
11
collection methods and data analysis.
3 .1 Research Ddesign
This study applied triangulation research design in which a survey and a case study are
enjoined. Triangulation design was opted for this study because the study sought to
measure the role of media in promoting social development. Therefore interviews were
conducted in order to understand the role of media in promoting social development.
Also questionnaires were used to measure people’s perception on understanding
theunderstanding the role of media in promoting social development.
3.2 Population of the study.
The target population forpopulation for the study was all radio SAUT presenters,
Director of radio SAUT and audience around Malimbe areas whoareas who have access
to radio SAUT. That make a total of 50. 1 director, 3 presenters of the same radio and 48
audiences around Malimbe.
3.3 Sampling technique and Sample size.
Kombo & Tromp, (2006) argue that sampling is the process of selecting a number or
individuals or objects from the population such that the selected group contains
representative of the characteristics found in the entire group. Simple random sampling
was used to obtain a total of 50 responses from SAUT FM radio. presenters and listeners.
Simple random sampling is the sampling technique which gave equal opportunity to all
audience toaudience to answer the questions provided by the researcher without any
categorization.
12
3.4 Methods for Data Collection
3.4.1 Interviews
The researcher conducted interview with Director of SAUT FM and three (3)
presentersradio presenters of the radio.
3.4.2 Questionnaires
The questionnaires were administered to (46) SAUT students who used to listen to SAUT
FM.
3.5 Data analysanalysis
The researcher analyzed qualitative data thematically which employed themes and
quantitative data statistically using tables and percentages to highlight findings from the
field.
.
13
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation of Findings
4.1 Introduction.
This chapter presents the findings from the field during data collection between October
and November 2012. The study aimed at assessing the Role of community Radio in
promoting social development in Tanzania through programs with focus on Human
Rights program.
4.2 Demographic characteristics the respondent.
The previous chapter explains about the type of methods used to investigate the study.
The researcher employed qualitative and quantitative approach, questionnaire and
interview. This chapter outlines the analysis of the data and presentation of findings of
the data and presentation of findings. The researcher findings assembled and returned
questionnaires and interview as wary of data collection of the 50 intended respondent,
46 respondents out of 50 were providedserved with questionnaires while other four
respondents were interviewed for the purpose served with questionnaires did not return
and this makes a total of 48 effective respondents of this research.
Of the four interviewed respondent, one is a so for the director of Radio SAUTI and
the rest are radio presenters/ host of the same radio station.
4.3 Age range of the respondent.
14
Age range/Years Number Percentage 15 – 25 32 64%26 – 35 10 20%36 – 45 6 12%46 – 66 2 4%56 – Above 0 0%Total 50 100% Source: Researcher 2013.
The table 4.4table 4.4 indicates thatindicates thethat majoritythe ofmajority of the
respondentthe respondents are of theof the age of 15of 15 – 25( who make total
percentage of 64%) higher than the rest.
Sex Number Percentage Male 17 34%Female 33 66%Total 50 100%Source: Researcher 2013.
4.5 4.5 Respondent to a question as to whether they hasten to radio SAUT, the
table below present the resultslistening habits
Respondents Number Percent Yes 38 76%No 12 24%Total 50 100% Source: Researcher 2013.
15
4.6 In the course of determining the type oftype of radio programsradio programs. they
listen most in radio SAUT, Respondents were able to produce the following results in
table:-
Name of the programs Response Percentage Jamii na matukio 12 24%Haki za binadamu 19 38%Ijue afya yako 5 10%Michezo 12 24%Ukimwi na maishass 2 4%Total 50 100%Source: Researcher 2013.
4.6 4.6 What does these Programs influencePrograms influence / persuade you to
do? This was among the questions that appeared in questionnaires and the
finding were as follow.
Most of respondentsThey admitted toadmitted to have been ablebeen able to understand
their righttheir rights, duties andduties and how to take actions whenactions
inferredwhen inferred with thewith the same rightssame rights. One ofOne of the
respondents hadrespondents explained theexplained the way they value the radio
programs given its importance in societyin society. full of injustice.
Have been leaning a lot regarding human right, apartApart from being my course in
class, the programs keeps on updating me the solution tosolution to the challenges
ofchallenges of human righthuman rights protection and promotion in Tanzania” she
saidshe said.
4.7 How4.7 How do they walk the talk?
They were able to know and followand follow up issues of election and otherand other
16
related community and theand the whole word. Such issuesSuch issues are like
environmentlike healthenvironment health, education which havehas great impact oin
the development of any society.
However, they, they had complained on the inconsistency of radio programs in radio
SAUTI which are often affected because of power cut – off. The otherThe other group
saidgroup said of difficultof difficult to walk the talkthe talk because they tend to
veryto busyvery busy all the time hence no time unless the circumstances make it so.
Program Respondent Present
Nyimbo za dini 9 18%
Wanawake na maendeleo 8 16%
Ijue afya yako 11 22%
Mazingira 12 24%
Michezo 10 20%
Vinginevyo 0 0%
Total 50 100%
Source: Researcher 2013.
17
When the audience asked about the programs they listen most 19% said they listen
church songs, 13% listened the program women and development 23% listened know
your health, 25% liked listening Environmental program and 21% listened sports. The
programs lack constant as sometimes they are not aired and they cannot follow or get the
full messages.
When they were asked about the problem they encounter when in listening to the
programs the responses varied as follows; in language was 0%, those who said if
frequency were 60%, programs lacking constant 30%, and Iignorance 6%. and those
who said others were 0%. The inconstancy of Radio programs was a problem. They
commented that programs inconstancy does not bring development as one gets
information half way.
One presenter said that sometimes the problem of the radio is that they don’t have a
standby techniciana standby technician to solve incoming problem during airing the
program. The radio is left with students who have no knowledge on how to solve a
problem in case it happened. So he can end up closing down the radio if the problem is
beyond his rich.
Table: 4.8 Problems in listening to the programs aired by Radio SAUT.listening
problem
Reasons Respondent Percent
Its Language 2 4%
Its frequency 30 60%
Programs lack constant 15 30%
18
Ignorance 3 6%
Others 0 0%
Total 50 100%
Source: Researcher 2013.
4.9 Audience challengesBig problem encountered with the community of Malimbe.
The respond was that the communities around Malimbe are poor and the majorities
depend on one meal per day.
Oneday. One presenter noted that the programs of the radio are not able to meet the needs
of lives of the people. The programs are not researched well as they lack time and funds
to do so. Also there is no team work spirits which make students get discouraged
especially when they need help. The whole system is disorganized and no one wants to be
responsible.
Table: 4.10 the role of Radio SAUT can do what to eliminate the problems of your
community
Response Respondent Percentage
Visits audience 17 34%
To better programs 29 58%
19
Better communication 4 8%2
Total 48 100%
Source: Researcher 2013.
Table 4:10 shows that 34% said they visit the community in order to eliminate the
Malimbe community problems 58% said to better the programs and 8% said to better
communication.
“Programs are not effective as people are not visited and draw materials from their real
lives”. This was the comment from the presenter they copy and pest. Programs should
open the way to participation and people share what exactly they need for their
development.
Table Qualities of a good presenter.
Responds Respondent Percentage
Good articulator 12 24%
Welcoming 5 10%
Friendly 4 8%
Flexible 26 52%
Ethical 3 6%
Total 50 100%
Source: Researcher 2013.
Table 4.11 Shows that 24% said good articulator 10%, said welcoming presenter,
friendly, 8% flexible they responded 52% and eEthically they responded 6%.
A flexible presenter was opting by more respondents with 54.1% and 20.8% for a good
articulator. This shows that flexibility of the presenter helps in adjusting issues.
20
One presenter said one has to move with time if one wants development and not to stick
on one type of a style.
Table 4.12 How does Radiodoes SAUTIRadio SAUTI help / serve the
marginalized.
Responds Respondent Percentage
In communication 8 16%
To bridge them with the government 32 64%
To grow spiritually 6 12%
Entertainment 3 6%
Others 1 2%
None of the above 0 0%
Total 50 100%
Source: Researcher 2013.
Table 4.12 shows that 16% agreed that radio SAUT helped people in communication,
64% said itf linksbridges them with their government, 12% said itf helped them to grow
spiritually, 6% commented that itf gives them entertainment and 2% opt for others.
They\ 64% acknowledged that it bridges then with their government.One respondent
commented that the radio has clearly helped them understand the issue of“if not the radio
then one cannot know what the government want them to do” like Kilimo
KwazaKwanza, Millenium goals for the development of the people.
21
Data collected from the interview.
Managing director (MD).As the responded to the question asked on the priority goals of
development the managing he saideditor said is to reach to the grass root of the audience.
The success of this has not reached its desired goals due to some financial crisisproblems.
This is together with transportation, facilities, and too few employees who can not cover
the area in terms of service. He also said that his strategy is to open the brunches of Radio
SAUT in all SAUT constituent colleges.its areas where Saint Augustine has opened its
brunches; to enhance development.
He said despite country and outside the country with good reporters. This is to fulfill it
mission a vision to educate broadcasters for the country, Africa and the whole world.
He said most radios in Tanzania have a worker from SAUT fm S which is a good
achievement.
He said SAUT FM isFM is as old as the indempendent of the country. So it has served a
lot dispose the challenges it faces, its fruits are recognized.
He said the radio now has got solar system which will enable to reduce the power cuts.
He thanks the benefactors who donated the solar.
Replying to the question to how the programs producers implement those programs the
managing director based his answer on the time allocated for each one of these in data
collection and recorded programs. He mentioned the equipments available to make such
objectives a reality such as, a recording studio, production room, and news collection. All
these according to him could help program producers implement the programs aired by
22
Radio said such as Ijue afya yako, Mazingira, Human Right, Chai Yetu, Morning
pressure and Jamii na matukio.
Responding on whether radio SAUT has a policy concerning the production of the radio
programs he said they only abide by communication policies established by Tanzania
Ccommunication Regulation Authority (TCRA) on the other hand as a Catholic Radio
station they also follow the Catholic teachings on matters of faith and social issues.
In charge of the SAUT Human Rights offices / Centre.
The researcher made interview with the director of human right office at SAUT so as to
discover how Human Right programRights program came about and its objectives and
how it contributes to social development of the ;community nearby.around its challenges
and its future exploration.
He said that the center responded that the aim of the program was established to
purposely to fight against any killings of red eyes old women around the lake zone. for
the rights of the marginalized raised by the killing of osld women with red eyes who were
thought to be witches. This is after seeing that the government was not taking any
responsibility to protect these people.step. So SAUT started the NGO to support this
issue and that is low Human Right program come into existence.
Also the findings show that Its objective. He noted that the objectives of the program the
center are to provide civic education on and promote the respect forawareness
humanabout human rights. toto the center relies on doing conduct human rights
researches and to address matters on violence of human rights challenges and way
forward.research. For example through research, they discovered that
23
He gave statistics produced by THRR (2009) that MMwanza Region is city which is one
the lake Zone is leading in the killings of older women and people learning with albinism
in Tanzania followed by Shinyanga and Tabora. About 60 old women were liked in
Mwanza between January and August 2009.
Within a period of not more than five years 2585 women were killed in the region of
Tanzania main land. This moved the leadership of SAUT to come up with this
organization to raise the voice of the voiles.
He said through the program 60% of Lake Zone are aware of human right and can fight
for it.
Further the findings show that the police in Mwanza perceive SAUT Human Rights
Center as One the challenge he responded that police see them as a threat because of the
through the education they give to the people. anotherAnother challenge is the power
cuat off when human rights programs are on air. of the radio which hinder the airing of
their program after the research and lack of constancy and thus hinder development.
The findings also report that SAUT Human Right Program focuses to offer services all
over lake zone regions because On the future plan of the program he said they won to
make sure that they reach all areas of the lake Zone especially those who are victims of
being thought to be witches and those with albinism to give them civic education this is
Magu, Ukerewe and Bariadi. He instead that “wWithout Human Rights other social
development issues con notcannot take place and without media there is no social
development.
Programs on social development and presenters.
24
This came about through the first specific objective in which the researcher wanted to
identify social Development programs aired by Radio SAUT.
The following are the findings;were found more appealing to the object although all
programs are aimed at bringing about social development.
Distribution of programs and their presenter and time
Name Program
MSHANGAMA Haki za binadamu
JAME LRONGOA Ukimwi na maisha
FORTUNATUS SABINI Pambana na umasikin
MANENO Ijue afya yako
PASCHAL LEONSI Ihjue katiba
GESTON KIWELO Jamii na matukio
Source: Researcher 2013.
1 Haki za binadamu: This program is aired at 20:30am
2 21:00 every Monday. Only once a week
3 Ukimwi na Maisha is aired at 20:30-21-00 a.m every Tuesday and on every
Thursday 20:30-21:00 a.m
25
This is aired twice a week.
4 Pambana na Umasikin is aired 20:30-21:00, which is on every Wednesday for
only half an hour in a week.
5 Ijue katiba is aired 20:00-20:30 on Tuesday. Only once a week.
6 Harakati za Mazingira is aired at 20:30-20:30 am.
7 Ijue afya yako id aired at 20:30 -20: 30 am. Ijue Afya yako is aired at 20:30 -
21:00 Every an every Saturday. for half an hour only.
One of the presenter responded the question asked on how they gather data for the
program that they get from internet café, visits areas like business areas. The targeted
on these programs are youth, parents and the entire society. as they offer education
which fits all ages of reasoning he added.
Answering the question asked on objective the achievements its objectives one of one
presenter said therethat there is a lot of straining in preparing the programs as they
lack support from the concerns of the radio.management. They mentioned of using
their own money to travel to some areas of events and also lacking facilities to carry
out activities such as tapes recorderstape recorders. identify of the radio and cause
some inconvenient to the reporters.
Also the misunderstanding between workers cause others to dodge responsibilities
which ends up leaiving the presenter alone inside the without any helpless such as
technician or a person who can solve the problem in case it arises.
During in depth interview, “Oone presenter said, “One dayday I had to put off the
26
Radio when it caught fire and I did not know what next”. Said one presenter.
Magazines are used to support radio strategies one of the presenters said. They use
Kiongozi and other magazines to support Radio strategies.
27
CHAPTER FIVE
DICUSSIONS ANDDiscussion CONCLUSIONand Conclusion
5.0 Introduction
This chapterThis chapter discusses the findings presented in previous chapter after
discussions, recommendations and conclusions are made.
5.1 Discussion of the findings
Research question 1: How effectiveness of program about development aired by Radio
SAUT?
The study focusedstudy onfocused theon the effectiveness ofeffectiveness of the
programsthe asprograms as far developmentas isdevelopment concernedis
concerned. In such objective the study aspired to discover if the programs take into
consideration criteria for good programming. The study observed whether the
programming fall in line with the needs of people. If there was an audience
research in a practical way allowing Malimbe area audience participation. In
Malimbe areas people and economic interest economic activities such as agriculture
animal husbandly industrial employment in urban areas and fishing activities.
Satisfying the information needs for all these groups in a great challenges for most
of Tanzania development communication practitioners, especially in Radio
broadcasting. In table 2 revealsit was revealed that 67% percent listen to the Radio
and enjoy the listening different programs of the Radio. Referring to the world of
Zukowsky and Belanger (2000) good programs should be designed to meet the
28
taste of the audience for instance, local dram, stories, local news, generating opinion
and giving opportunity for developing local talents.
Youth in Mwanza region face challenges such as unemployment, lack of education,
frustrations that they cannot get out of poverty others; which according to
“Pambana na Umasikini” programs produced might have raised youth’s interest on
the programs to let youth realize their talents and use them in order to eradicate s
poverty.
In chapter four it was revealed that the Radio does not cover the required
frequencies and this making the programs be heard by very few people. Now for a
period of time the radio has been faced with cut off outs electricity making the the
audience looses the track of its programs and shift to other radio media stationss.
Radio SAUTRadio SAUT lacks internallacks policyinternal sopolicy so as to help
inhelp in achieving itsachieving objectivesits objectives. Tthe managing director said
state that as a radio station they abide by the communication policies that are
established by Tanzania Ccommunication Regulatory Authority (TCRA) and as a
catholic radio they adhere to church teachings on the matters of faith and social
issues.
Research question 2: What are people's perceptionpeople’s towardperceptions
radiotoward .radio? SAUT fm development programsdevelopment programs?.
The indigenes of day the programs aired at SAUT fm cannot be applied as they are
not of their standard. Programs are taken from other environment and applied to
them which at the end development at the grass root cannot reachwhich place. The
29
radio is more competing with other radios of Mwanza instead of looking of the
audiences they produce they produce program which are beyond the marginalized
people and thus who’s the mission and vision of the radio.
Also in chapter for the finding revealed that that 20% of respondents favored
provision of consistent program as their needs. The study revealed that some of the
programs provided by SAUT of were not continuous rather they are stopped or
terminated without any prior notification to the audience. People makePeople make a
follow upfollow up and expectedand toexpected to make kindmake ofkind of fun
club ofclub of a program.
It was also evident in chapter four the respondents were foupond to their weds but
also to have presenters with good qualities, welcoming and who can articulate well
words for better communication.
For instance most of the programs use phone calls in to greet friends and relatives
they wanted, a presenter who attends them according to their level of
understanding. A good presentergood presenter, in their opiniontheir isopinion theis
the “one doeswho does not makenot onemake suitone suit that fits all audience” (a
presenter for allfor all). To the position of radio SAUT has a long way to go to
bring this into reality as social development is concerned.
Research question 3: AreTo access the relevance of SAUT FM programsFM
programs relevant to to the societythe society needs.
30
The relevance of radio SAUT FM programs are is not relevance to the audience of
Malimbe areas and Lake Zone people as they are not applicable to them. When we
talk of the marginalized and the programs they are not fit for them. The The
development programsdevelopment areprograms are not wellnot researchedwell
toresearched to respond to fit people’s needs. This isThis is because programsbecause
programs are cookedare incooked in the studiothe studio, and notand drawnnot
fromdrawn from the peoplethe people themselves.
No participationthemselves No ofparticipation of the audiencethe audience in thein
programsthe programs.
Sometimes There is a danger also presenters would may prepare the program
according toaccording to his/her feeling andfeelings and not thenot feelingthe
offeelings theof the people. he is serving. This cannot bringcannot bring changes
inchanges in terms of social developmentsocial development of the to people as the
programs have no effects on them. They talk things over there and not of their
community.
Radio SAUT should ensure that mission, vision and policy that guide radio station
operations are clear to the whole body of personnel so that programs preparations
based on the sensibility reflect such reality. It was learned that the programming
should look like basing base on their on basic journalistic skills but there was no
guiding principle leading to the at choice of format and content of their
programming.
5.2.Areas. Areas of furtherof studyfurther study.
31
The research concentrated on evaluation of programming on radio SAUT in the
context of information needs of the audiences it serves so as to establish the
reasons why the programming was not effective in Lake Zone especially area in
terms of behavior change, knowledge increase and change of attitudes. With regard
the above investigation, further researches can be done in the future to include also
other radio stations which operate in Mwanza region and Tanzania as a whole so
that a synergy of programming that could help answer audiences needs especially
in rural areas.
5.3 Conclusions
This research studied the role of media in promoting social development in Tanzania.
Media as a source of information have a large room to promote people’s social
development of the people. This can be done bydone by it airing productive
educationalproductive programmeseducational programmes which can promote the
social development of the society. From the study findings shows that mediathat media
personnel were found to have little commitment in their responsibilities, lack of team
work andwork and also there was little or no research conducted to know which relevant
programs to prepare and air which in one way another could help in social development
of the people. . SAUT as a community radio should involve the community in
programming so as to enhance social development from grass root.
5.4 Recommendations
Besides all the strengths and weakness the radio SAUT faces, (1996) gives some
tips which can be employed by radio station when preparing its programming.
32
1. To restructure programs to suitesuit the needs of community members.
2. Establishing team-work in radio SAUT
3. Removal of any and weaknesses like;all negatives like excessive talkexcessive talk,
annoying commercialsannoying commercials, technical weaknesstechnical
andweakness soand so forth.
4. The station should always concentrate in bringing listeners to the station keeping
them tuned in and providing the right balance of music, personalities, talk, and
information reason to turne elsewhere.
5. Develop the culture of research.
6. In appropriate scheduling and sequences of sound elements may drive listeners
to a competitor.
33
REFERENCES
Alumuku, P.T. (2006). Community Radio for Development, the World and Africa.
Anderson, (1987). Communication Research: Issues and Methods, New York, McGraw Hill Inc.
Banda, F. & Fourie, P.J. (2004). Towards a Policy Model for Community Radio.
Bates, A (1984) Broadcasting in education: An evaluation, Great Britain, Costable and
company limited.
Brosseu and Socin, (2001) The Art of Radio, Nairobi, St. Paul Publications Africa.
Fourie, P.J. (2001). (ED) Media Studies. Volume one Institutions, Theories and
Issues, London, McGraw Hill.
Kasoma, (2001). Community radio: Its management and organization in Zambia, Zambia
mission press.
Kombo, D.K & Tromp, L.A. (2006). Proposal and thesis writing. An introduction.
Nairobi: Paulines publications Africa.
Krishnaswami, O. (1993). Methodology or Research in Social Science. 1st Ed, New Delhi,
MacQuail, D (1983) Communication Theories. London: Sage
Matumaini, J. (2009) The History of Radio Broadcasting for Development in Tanzania.
SAUT.
McQuail, D. (1987). Theories of Mass Communication 2nd Edition. London: Sage.
34
Melcote, J & Steeves, H (2001) Communication for development in third World: Theory
and practical for empowerment, London, Sage Publishers.
Mongula, B, (2008) Grassroots, Participatory communication, African Communication
Research Vol 1,
Mpagaze, D. (2012) Effectiveness of Community Radio in Addressing Social Issues
Confronting the Society in Tanzania.
Mugenda, O. & Mugenda, A. (1999). Research method. Qualitative and quantitative
approaches. Nairobi: acts press.
Notes from Lecturer Mr. Alute on Community Development
Nyerere, J.K. (1970) Ujamaa: The Basic of African Socialism. London: oxford university
press.
Onsukunle, O (2005) An investigation into radio Turf's Social development. Unpublished
M.A Thesis submitted at the department of Media studies, University of
Limpopo, Sovenga.
White, R. (2008). Source of Underdevelopment and Development in Tanzania/East
Africa Context. African Communication Research.
World Communication Report, (1989)
35
APPENDICES
APPENDIX ONE
Questionnaires Toto the Audience
1. Umri
15 – 25 ( )
26 – 35 ( )
36 – 45 ( )
46 – 55 ( )
56 – above ( )
2. Unasikiliza radio SAUT?
3. ( a )Ndio ( )
4. (b)Hapana ( )
5. Unasikiliza vipindi gani zaidi?
(a) Jamii na matukio ( )
(b) Haki za binadamu ( )
(c) Ijue afya yako ( )
(d) Michezo ( )
(e) Others ( )
6. Ni vipindi gani unapendela zaidi na ni kwa nini?
(a) Ijue afya yako ( )
(b) Haki z binadamu ( )
(c) Tafakari ( )
(d) Jamii na matukio ( )
(e) Vinginevyo ( )
36
7. Vipindi hivi vinakuhamasisha kufanya nini? Elezea ………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Umewahi kutumia ushauri wa vipindi hivyo katika maisha yako ya kila siku?
Ndiyo ( )
Hapana ( )
(i) Kama ndiyo eleza kwa namna gani?
………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Kama hapana, ni kwanini hapana?
………………………………………………………………………………
9. Ni vipindi gani ungependelea kusikiliza zaidi?
(a) Nyimbo za dini ( )
(b) Wanawake na maendeleo ( )
(c) Ijue afya yako ( )
(d) Mazingira ( )
(e) Michezo ( )
(f) Vinginevyo ( )
10. Unapata shida yoyote katika kusikiliza vipindi vya radio SAUT? Ni shida gani?
(a) Lugha ( )
(b) Masafu yake hayasikiki vizuri ( )
(c) Vipindi havina ubora ( )
(d) Kutokujua ( )
(e) Mengineyo ( )
11. Ni shida gani kubwa mliyo nayo katika jamii yenu?
(a) Fedha ( )
(b) Njaa ( )
(c) Shida za familia ( )
(d) Shida ya mawasiliano ( )
37
12. Ungependa radio SAUT ifanye nini ili kutatua matatizo ya jamii yenu?
(a) Kututembelea wasikilizaji ( )
(b) Kuboresha vipindi has avya maendeleo ( )
(c) Kuboresha mawasiliano ( )
13. Kulingana na wewe mtangazaji auapswa kuwa na sifa gani?
(a) Matamshi mazuri ( )
(b) Mwenye upendo na anayekatibisha ( )
(c) Anayeweza kubadilika kuendana na wakati ( )
(d) Mwenye maadili mema ( )
14. Unafikiri radio SAUT inawasaidia watu masikini wa wilaya hii ya nyamagana?
(a) Kwa kutoa mawasiliano ( )
(b) Kuwaunganisha watu na serikali yao ( )
(c) Kukua kiroho ( )
(d) Burudani ( )
(e) Mwengineyo ( )
(f) Hakuna ( )
38
39
APPENDIX TWO
Interview guide for managing director of radio SAUT
1. What is your age?
2. What is your position
3. What do you think are the priority goals of development as far as your radio station is concerned?
4. How do you see the role of your station in this process of development of programs?
5. How do programs producers implement these programs?
6. What do you think is the best way for effective communication to be used for;-
7. Do you have communication policy concerning the radio programming?
40
APPENDIX THREE
Interview guide with program producers
1. Name of the program
2. Name of program producer
3. His/her profession
4. What criteria do you use in preparing your program?
5. How often the program is broadcast and at what time?
6. Does the program invite the participation of the audience in any way? Explain how?
7. What are the objectives of the program?
8. To what extent has the program achieve these objectives?
9. How do program directors gather data for program?
10. Which other media do you use to support radio strategies?
41
