Spleen and Lymph nodes

Presented to Prof: Dr Ahmed Ud Din Anjum

By Adnan Ahmad

Group 7

Lymph nodes are bean shaped organs found in clusters along the distribution of lymph channels of the body.

Every tissue supplied by blood vessels is supplied by lymphatic's except placenta and brain. There are over 800 lymph nodes in the body and around 300 are located in the head and neck

Lymph Nodes

SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS :-The secondary lymphatic organs are

◦ the spleen,◦ the lymph nodes and ◦ other organs, such as the tonsils, Peyer

patches, and the appendix.

All the secondary organs are the places where lymphocytes encounter and bind with antigens, after which they proliferate and become actively engaged cells.

The lymphatic system and its organs are widespread and scattered throughout the body. It functions to service almost every region of the body. Because the vessels of the lymphatic system span the entire body it becomes an easy portal for the spread of cancer and other diseases, which is why disorders and diseases of this system can be so devastating.

SpleenThe spleen is a major lymphoid and blood filtration organ and is located in the left cranial abdomen. It is responsible for storing and removing erythrocytes from the blood as well as antigen surveillance of the blood and antibody production.The Size and shape of spleen varies among species. How ever it is the largest lymphoid organ in the body.

Structure

The spleen lies vertically on the left side of the cranial abdomen. It is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach by the gastrosplenic ligament. The spleen is enclosed in a capsule of fibrous and elastic tissue that extends into the parenchyma as trabeculae.

The parenchyma is supported by a fine mesh of reticular fibres and is divided into two types of tissue, the red and the white pulp, which are separated by the marginal sinus.

Functions –

It produces blood cells in the fetus and may resume this role in adults in the event of extreme anemia.

It monitors the blood for foreign antigens, much like the lymph nodes do the lymph.

Lymphocytes and macrophages of the white pulp are quick to detect foreign antigens in the blood and activate immune reactions.

The spleen also compensates for excessive blood volume by transferring plasma from the bloodstream into the lymphatic system.

A person can live without a spleen, but is somewhat more vulnerable to infections.

Comparative Anatomy Colour :- The SPLEEN is relatively small, red-brown in the bull and blue gray in

the cow.Weight : - It is up to 50 cm long and its average

weight varies with sex, age, and body size from 390 to 2000 g.

Shape : - It is an elongated oval, tongue-shaped organ of about equal width throughout.Position : - Its position is almost vertical. The

dorsal end is near the vertebral column and the ventral end is a hand’s breadth dorsal to the 7th–8th

costochondral junction. The cranial and caudal borders are rounded in

the bull, acute in the cow.

Normal Horse spleen

Normal Bovine Spleen

Bovine Spleen

PATHOLOGY OF SPLEENSPLENITIS :- inflammation of spleen Characterized by

Enlargement, infiltration of inflammatory cells, proliferation of lymphoid follicles, congestion and edema followed by proliferation of fibrous tissue.

EtiologyInfections e.g. bacteria, virusDeficiency of vitamins and minerals

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Splenomegaly Enlarged spleen is called Splenomegaly

Caused by infections, cirrhosis and other liver diseases, blood diseases characterized by abnormal blood cells, problems with the lymph system, or other conditions.

InfectionsViral infections, such as mononucleosisParasitic infections, such as toxoplasmosisBacterial infections, such as endocarditis (an infection of your heart's valves)

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Enlargement Of Spleen

In Human

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Lymph nodes Mediastinal Lymph nodeMesenteric Lymph Node

LymphadenitisInflammation of lymph nodes.Effected lymph nodes can be observed in many diseases such as StranglesBovine LeukosisTuberculosis

Strangles Affected lymph nodesare enlarged,painful, and warm andcontain thickpurulent exudates purulent lymphadenitis)Abscesses in the mesenteric lymph node

Lymphosarcoma in cattle may be sporadic or result from infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV)

Enlarged external lymph nodes on a cow with Bovine Leukemia.

The juvenile form of

sporadic bovine

leucosis causes

weight loss with

massive enlargement

of lymph nodes.

Lymph sarcoma in meditational lymph nodes

Harden ,calcified lymph nodes in TB

Calcified Lymph nodes and Lungs in TB

Thanks