south east asia civilizations - geographical influence on early civilizations

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CIVILIZATIONSCIVILIZATIONS

LECTURE 1LECTURE 1

Geographical Geographical Influence On Early Influence On Early

CivilizationsCivilizations By Norsham binti Lebai Itam and By Norsham binti Lebai Itam and

Assoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh. ZamnahAssoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh. Zamnah Nusi Nusi

ObjectiveObjective

At the end of the lecture, students At the end of the lecture, students should be able to understand the should be able to understand the processprocess of civilization developmentof civilization development through geographical factors.through geographical factors.

Geographical FactorsGeographical Factors

i.i. Latitude / climateLatitude / climate

ii.ii. TopographyTopography

iii.iii. Flora & FaunaFlora & Fauna

iv.iv. GeologyGeology

Influencing FactorsInfluencing Factors

i.i. TradingTrading

ii.ii. ColonizationColonization

iii.iii. MissionaryMissionary

Assimilation Assimilation of of

knowledgeknowledge

intermarriage

Cross-culture

Influencing FactorsInfluencing Factors

Intermarriage

Multiple-Beliefs

Cross-Culture

Wider Horizon of Perceptions

BeliefsBeliefs

►AnimismAnimism►HinduismHinduism►BuddhismBuddhism►IslamIslam

AnimismAnimism

► Belief in the spirits of nature e.g. Belief in the spirits of nature e.g. plants & trees; rivers & seas; plants & trees; rivers & seas; hills & mountains; earth; sky; hills & mountains; earth; sky; winds; and animals.winds; and animals.

► The spirits can cause illness and The spirits can cause illness and misfortunes, or otherwise, bring misfortunes, or otherwise, bring in luck and prosperity as well as in luck and prosperity as well as good health.good health.

► Practice offerings for goodness Practice offerings for goodness in return in the form of food; in return in the form of food; flowers; blood of animals; etc.flowers; blood of animals; etc.

HinduismHinduism

►Originate from IndiaOriginate from India►Polytheist with multiple Polytheist with multiple

layers of beliefslayers of beliefs►33 Gods in various forms 33 Gods in various forms

and functionsand functions►3 main Gods 3 main Gods

BrahmaBrahma - the creator - the creatorSivaSiva - the destroyer- the destroyerVishnuVishnu - the balancer- the balancer

HinduismHinduism

►Believe in reincarnation Believe in reincarnation (reborn)(reborn) with the law of with the law of karma karma (punishment for the acts of vices), (punishment for the acts of vices),

mokhsha mokhsha (nirvana)(nirvana)

►Sacred book known as Sacred book known as VedasVedas

►Sacred epic known asSacred epic known as Mahabarata -Mahabarata - famous famous Ramayana Ramayana (storey of the victory over evils).(storey of the victory over evils).

BuddhismBuddhism

►Originate from IndiaOriginate from India►2 streams - 2 streams - MahayanaMahayana

Hinayana Hinayana (Theravada)(Theravada)

►Mahayana - Mahayana - belief in godkingbelief in godking

►Hinayana -Hinayana - belief in salvationbelief in salvation

►Believe in reincarnationBelieve in reincarnation

IslamIslam

► Originate from Middle EastOriginate from Middle East► MonotheistMonotheist► Belief in 6 pillars of faith guided Belief in 6 pillars of faith guided

by the sacred book of Al Quranby the sacred book of Al Quran► Practice 5 pillars of Islam guided Practice 5 pillars of Islam guided

by Prophet Muhammad by Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.s.a.w. (hadith)(hadith)

Islam Islam (continuation)(continuation)

► 4 streams internationally4 streams internationallyShafieShafieHambaliHambaliHanafiHanafiMalikiMaliki

► 2 streams in SEA2 streams in SEAIslam Pasisir (Peninsular Malaysia & Islam Pasisir (Peninsular Malaysia & Sumatra)Sumatra)Islam Abangan (Java)Islam Abangan (Java)

Islam

Animism Hinduism

Buddhism

Overlapping Beliefs

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CIVILISATIONSCIVILISATIONS

LECTURE 2LECTURE 2

The Social Structures and BeliefsThe Social Structures and Beliefs► By Norsham binti Lebai Itam and Assoc. Prof. Ar. By Norsham binti Lebai Itam and Assoc. Prof. Ar.

Hjh. Zamnah NusiHjh. Zamnah Nusi

A Family Unit

Head of Family / Head of Family / FatherFather

A Village

Head of Family / Father

A family

The family head

The village head “ketua

kg”

A village – “kampung”

A village

A family unit

“Penghulu”- the sub district head

A sub district – “mukim”

A district – “daerah”

Comprises of several sub districts

-The Head-

D.O.

DistriDistrictscts

D.O.D.O.

DistriDistrictscts

D.O.D.O.

DistriDistrictscts

D.O.D.O.

DistriDistrictscts

D.O.D.O.

DistriDistrictscts

D.O.D.O.

DistriDistrictscts

D.O.D.O.

DistriDistrictscts

D.O.D.O.

Who Who ??

A state – A state – “negeri”“negeri”

Several states made up a Several states made up a ………………

Who is the Who is the ruler?ruler?

Agung - MalaysiaAgung - Malaysia

Presiden – Indonesia & Presiden – Indonesia & PhilippinesPhilippines

King – ThailandKing – Thailand

Prime Minister ?Prime Minister ?

The Malay SultanatesThe Malay Sultanates

Agung (from a state)Agung (from a state)

Sultans (9 states)Sultans (9 states)

Yang Di Pertua (4 states)Yang Di Pertua (4 states)

OriginOriginss

Parameswara – Parameswara – SumatranSumatran

BugisBugis MinangkabauMinangkabau Acheh Acheh

The most dorminantThe most dorminant

- Johor, Selangor, Kedah, Perak, - Johor, Selangor, Kedah, Perak, pulau Pinangpulau Pinang

BendaharaBendahara

TemenggungTemenggung

ShahbandarShahbandar

BendahariBendahari

LaksamanaLaksamana

SultanSultan

Orang KayaOrang Kaya

(Ketua Daerah(Ketua Daerah))

PenghuluPenghulu

Ketua Ketua KampongKampong

Rakyat Rakyat JelataJelata

Bendahara - AdvisorBendahara - Advisor

Temenggung - Internal AffairsTemenggung - Internal Affairs

- Chief Police- Chief Police

- Royal Customary in Chief- Royal Customary in Chief

BendahariBendahari - Secretary - Secretary

- Treasurer- Treasurer

- Customary in charge- Customary in charge

Laksamana - Laksamana - Commander in charge of Commander in charge of

Military ForceMilitary Force

- Royal Messenger- Royal Messenger

Shahbandar - Foreign Traders Affair Shahbandar - Foreign Traders Affair

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CIVILISATIONSCIVILISATIONS

LECTURE 3LECTURE 3

The Imperial PowersThe Imperial Powers► By Norsham binti Lebai Itam and Assoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh. By Norsham binti Lebai Itam and Assoc. Prof. Ar. Hjh.

Zamnah Nusi Zamnah Nusi

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CIVILIZATIONSCIVILIZATIONS

The Javanese KingThe Javanese King The Buddhist KingThe Buddhist King The Vietnam KingsThe Vietnam Kings The Spanish Governors The Spanish Governors The Malay SultanThe Malay Sultan

The Javanese KingThe Javanese King► Mid 7Mid 7thth - 10 - 10thth C C “ “Hindu Sanjaya” in central province of Java Hindu Sanjaya” in central province of Java

(Old Mataram)(Old Mataram)

“ “Buddhist Sailendra” in the East of Central Buddhist Sailendra” in the East of Central JavaJava

1111thth - 14 - 14thth C C “ “Majapahit” - Hindu / BuddhistMajapahit” - Hindu / Buddhist

1515thth - 18 - 18thth C C “ “Mataram” - IslamMataram” - Islam

Mataram’s Ruling Mataram’s Ruling BoundariesBoundaries

Negara Agung

Mantja Negara

Tanah Sabrang

Kraton Negara

• Negara Agung (Kings families)

area immediately around Surakarta (Solo)

and Jogjakarta

• Mantja Negara (Bupati)

outer provinces of Java except western & eastern tips

• Tanah Sabrang

the land overseas such as Palembang & Banjarmasin

“priyayi”priyayi”

the elite, the knights who served King

““wong tjilikwong tjilik”” the peasants

Two Pronounced Castes

Structure of Mataram Central Structure of Mataram Central AdministrationAdministration

PATIH

4 CHIEF WEDANA

8 LESSER WEDANA

* There is no précised function mainly on personal relations.

The Buddhist KingsThe Buddhist Kings

Centers : 11th > 15th C Ava - North Burma

Ayudhya - North Bangkok

Phnom Penh - Cambodia ( Kampuchea ) > Based on magical and physical powers

> Introduced social and political authority which

overlapped with Buddhism

> Practice tributary diplomacy like China

> Kingdom is the cosmos (heaven) while the king is proclaimed God

Ava - North Burma

> Pagan Dynasty

Ayudhaya - North Bangkok, Thailand

> Rama Dynasty

The strongest Buddhist King and still remain in power without being colonised

Phnom Penh - Cambodia

> The Weakest

Buddhist Kings Buddhist Kings Ruling Ruling

BoundariesBoundaries

CAPITALCAPITAL

PrincipalitiePrincipalities at distants at distant

West - borders of China West - borders of China

South- Segenting Kra, South- Segenting Kra, MalaysiaMalaysia

Vietnam KingVietnam King

> Confucius in faith> Confucius in faith

> Regarded as “son of God”> Regarded as “son of God”

> Chinese oriented ruling system> Chinese oriented ruling system

> Developed scholars in Chinese > Developed scholars in Chinese philosophy philosophy

for administratorsfor administrators

> Loose power control based on > Loose power control based on loyalty onlyloyalty only

KingKing

Board of Board of AppointmAppointm

entent

FinancFinancee

RiteRitess

WarWar

JusticJusticee

Public Public WorkWork

Vietnam King Ruling StructureVietnam King Ruling Structure

Vietnam King Vietnam King Ruling BoundariesRuling Boundaries

ForbiddenForbidden City / PalaceCity / Palace

Inner Capital CityInner Capital City

Outer Capital CityOuter Capital City

NN

SS

The Spanish GovernorsThe Spanish GovernorsPhilippines 17Philippines 17ththC – 18C – 18thCthC

Major Spanish concern was the galleon Major Spanish concern was the galleon ((a large a large three-masted sailing ship used especially by the Spanish three-masted sailing ship used especially by the Spanish

between the 15th and 18th centuries)between the 15th and 18th centuries) trade trade

Dependant on the power of church and Dependant on the power of church and personal gainpersonal gain

Change of social and economic structure in Change of social and economic structure in PhilippinesPhilippines

& worldwide, declined the Spanish power in & worldwide, declined the Spanish power in the countrythe country

Constant resistance with Muslim Sultanates in Constant resistance with Muslim Sultanates in

Mindanao also the cause of the declineMindanao also the cause of the decline

The centre was ManilaThe centre was Manila

Spanish Ruling Spanish Ruling StructureStructure

MonarchMonarch

Governor Captain - Governor Captain - generalgeneral

Provincial Provincial GovernorsGovernors

The Friars (church)The Friars (church)

Cabeza (barangay)Cabeza (barangay)

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO SOUTH EAST ASIAN TO SOUTH EAST ASIAN

ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

► Presented by Norsham binti Lebai ItamPresented by Norsham binti Lebai Itam

EVOLUTION OF SPACE AND EVOLUTION OF SPACE AND FORMFORM



From the Arab word which means repeatedly

Philosophers define tradition as a repetitive action done without any connection to the senses

Human need will eventually become a normality/norm or tradition

Need is the basis to design

TRADITION

TRADITION


process that has become a common practice in a society (until it become a law that is mandatory)

Eg. Adat perpateh

Ways that have become a standard/norm eg.•water (liquid) and cold•Fire (hot)

TRADITIONTRADITION


Culture is the evolution of mannerism in society – development of the senses

Cultural characteristic – regarding culture that is advanced

Culture is the overall societal way of life (which embraces action, mannerism and the way we think) physically and spiritually . (Civilization, mannerism and mental development)


Tradition is repetitive action that becomes a need

forming

law

forming

mannerism

forming

Complete way of life



EVOLUTION OF SPACE EVOLUTION OF SPACE AND FORMAND FORM



COMMON ORIGIN

SIMILARITIES

ARCHITECTURAL STYLES


ATTIC

MAIN LEVEL

UNDER FLOOR LEVEL




HOUSE FORM

SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS

RESULTED FROM

TECHNOLIOGY AVAILABE

MODIFIED BY






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LIVED IN DWELLINGS WHERE MATERIALS FOUND LOCALLY – RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

NEOLITHIC HOUSE AT NONG CHAE SAO, WESTERN THAILAND

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COLONIAL INFLUENCECOLONIAL INFLUENCE


THE TRADITIONAL STRAND

EVOLUTION OF SPACE AND FORMEVOLUTION OF SPACE AND FORM




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EVOLUTION OF SPACE EVOLUTION OF SPACE AND FORMAND FORM



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ReferencesReferences

►Tregoning, 19…., In Search of Tregoning, 19…., In Search of South East Asia,South East Asia,

► Ismail Ragi Al Faruqi & Ismail Ragi Al Faruqi & Sopher,D.E, 1974, Macmillan Sopher,D.E, 1974, Macmillan Publishing, New YorkPublishing, New York..

Thank YouThank You

The EndThe End

Education

south east asia civilizations - geographical influence on early civilizations