Pre-modern European Migration: Roman MigrationsAugustus of Prima Porta, 1st century BC, Vatican Museums; Augustan aureus, 19-18 BC, reverse—winged goddess Victory, with SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanorum)

• Rome’s empire, 30 BC-476 AD• Boundaries established c. 17

AD: Rhine, Danube, and Euphrates rivers

• Campaigns under Claudius, r. 41-54• Britain, 43• Mauretania, 43• Thrace, 46• Germany 47

• Revolts• Britain, Gaul, Germany, Syria,

Judea, and Egypt, 60-73• Jewish revolt led to destruction

of the temple (70) and stand-off at Masada (ended in 73)

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsLeft—Statue of Trajan as a general, c. 120 AD, Louvre, Paris; right—a bust of Marcus Aurelius, c. 170 AD, National Archaeological Museum, Istanbul.

• Rome’s empire, 30 BC-476 AD• The reign of Trajan, 98-117

• Dacian Wars 101-102 and 105-106• Second Jewish Revolt, 115-117

• The reign of Hadrian, 117-138• Hadrian’s Wall• Third Jewish Revolt, 132-135

• The reign of Antoninus Pius, 138-161• Antonine Wall

• The reign of Marcus Aurelius, 161-180• Parthian War, 161-166• First Marcomannic War, 166-173• Egyptian Revolt, 175• Second Marcomannic War, 176-180

Left—Trajan’s column, dedicated in 113 AD to celebrate the Dacian Wars, Rome; right—cast of an image from Trajan’s column of Dacian women and children brought before Trajan, Museum of Roman Civilization, Rome.

Hadrian’s Wall, northern England, built 120-140 AD (73 miles long)

Vindolanda fort, south of Hadrian’s Wall, in use from c. 85-380 AD

The Roman Empire at its heightMap from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1, 3rd edition.

Pre-modern European Migrations: Roman MigrationsCatuvellauni tribal coin, c. late 1st century BC/early 1st century AD.

• Romanization during the Golden Age of the Empire• Latin

• Roman deities• Celtic Lugh equated to Mercury and

Apollo; Celtic Sulis equated to Minerva

• Roman coinage

• Roman dress

• Roman luxury goods• Olive oil, wine, tableware, glassware

• Public buildings

Roman citiesMap from Ralph Linnaeus Pounds, The Development of Education in Western Culture, 1969.

Trade in the Roman EmpireMap from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1, 3rd edition