Prepared by:

Name: Fakhar-e-Alam

University: National Textile University Faisalabad Campus

Department: Garments Manufacturing

Reg No: 13-NTU-0165

Pak Afghan Relations

Location of Afghanistan:

History of Afghanistan:

Afghanistan (Land of the Afghan) is a mountainous country in Central Asia with a history and culture that

goes back 5000 years

In the ancient times, the land was called Aryana by its inhabitants. In the

medieval era, it was called Khorasan, and in modern times, its people have decided to call it Afghanistan.

Geography of Afghanistan:

Afghanistan is located in Hearth/North of Asia,

Afghanistan has 34 provinces,

Afghanistan has 7 Neighboring Countries,

(India, China, Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan & Turkmenistan)

Afghanistan is a Mountain country,

The Second big Mountain of the World is located in Afghanistan.

About Afghanistan:

IS A LANDLOCKED COUNTRY

LOCATED IN CENTRAL ASIA

POPULATION 29 MILLON

AREA 647500 SQ KM.

42ND MOST POPULATED

41ST LARGEST

Pak Afghan relation:

There are two parts of Pak Afghan relation

Part (1):

Pakistan Afghanistan Relations: 1947- 2001:

Part (2):

Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations since 9/11

Phases in Part 1:

1) Phase (1): 1947-1963

2) Phase (2): 1963-1973

3) Phase(3): 1973-1978

4) Phase (4): 1979-1992

5) Phase (5): 1992-9/11-2001

1) Phase (1) : 1947-1963

i. Durand Line:

ii. Opposition in UNO:

iii. Reaction in 1947 War:

iv. Zahir Shah Speech:

v. Exchange and withdrawl of Ambassadors:

vi. Assassination of Liaqut Ali Khan:

vii. Attack on Pakistan Embassy:

Continued…..

viii. Pakistan joining of CEATO &CENTO:

ix. Rulers visits 1956:

x. U-2 Incident:

xi. Termination of Relations:

i. Durand Line:

The Pakistan-Afghan boundary was drawn in 1893 by Sir

Mortimer Durand.

The boundary was accepted by the king of Afghanistan

in a treaty the 1893.

The definition of this boundary, called the Durand Line.

When Pakistan became Afghanistan claimed on the

boundary of Pakistan.

They demand some territory of NWFP and Baluchistan.

ii. Opposition in UNO:

In initial era Pak-Afghan relations were in critical phase , Afghanistan was

first Muslim State in the World whose against the membership of Pakistan in

UNO.

Afghanistan put forwarded the anti Pakistan resolution in UNO.

Pakistan joined the United Nations on September 30 1947,

Afghanistan didn’t consider Pakistan an independent state, He considered

Pakistan is a colony of British.

iii. Reaction in 1947 war:

Actually the demand for Pakhtoonistan was

made in December 1947.

when Indian army was poised for a quick

advance into Kashmir, on Pakistan’s

border.

Since then raids from Afghanistan into Pakistani

territories have taken place from time to time.

iv. Zahir Shah Speech:

In 1950, the tension reached to its climax when

Afghan king Zahir Shah made an anti Pakistan

speech at a celebration in Kabul.

The Afghanistan’s flag was hoisted and anti

Pakistan leaflets were dropped by the Afghan

Air force.

v. Exchange and with drawl of Ambassadors:

Afghanistan’s withdrawal of its negative UN Vote and exchange of

ambassadors in 1948 from both sides could not pay much in

bringing both of the countries closer.

Irregular forces from Afghanistan crossed Pakistan border to fabricate Pakhtoon uprising in Pakistani tribal areas in 1950-51 were

even handedly dealt by Pakistan’s security forces.

Afghanistan denied its covert involvement in the cross border

infiltration.

Pakistan rejected Afghanistan’s claim of neutrality in the cross

border infiltration and both nations withdrew their ambassadors for few months till those were repositioned.

vi. Assassination of Liaqut Ali Khan:

The assassination of Pakistani Prime minister

Liaqat Ali Khan by an Afghan national in 1951

further deteriorated the already fragile relations.

vii. Attack on Pakistan Embassy:

In 1955, Pakistan restructured its administrative units on one unit.

Afghanistan government vehemently opposed the decision of

integrating the Pathan dominated Northwest Province.

Afghan Pakistani embassy in Kabul was sacked, consulates in

Kandahar and Jalalabad were attacked and Pakistan flag was

molested.

In September 1955, Pakistan’s flag was again raised at its embassy

and consulates.

viii. Pakistan joining of CEATO &SENTO:

When Pakistan joined CEATO and SENTO IN 1955

Mascow severly against Pakistan.

Russia supported India in Kashmir issue.

Russia paid 100$ economic and offered military

assistance to Afghanistan on the issue of

Pakhtonistan.

ix. Rulers visits:

Pakistan’s president Iskandar Mirza visited Afghanistan in

August 1956.

Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy Prime Minister of Pakistan

toured Afghanistan in 1957.

These visits were reciprocated by Afghan ruler King

Zahir Shah in 1958 .

Prime Minister Sardar Daud Khan in 1959.

These visits helped in cultivating attitude of

reconciliation on both sides.

x. U-2 Incident:

The 1960 U-2 incident was precipitated during

the cold war on 1 May 1960.

Since the happening of U-2 incident USSR

supported every Afghan move to isolate or

damage Pakistan in any aspect.

xi. Termination of Relations:

These incursions led to the termination of Pak-

Afghan relations and closure of Afghanistan’s

consulates and trade offices in Peshawar and

Quetta.

In retaliation, Kabul broke off diplomatic

relations, closed the border and suspended

transit trade with Pakistan.

2) Phase (2) 1963-1973:

i. Reinstatement of Relations:

ii. 1965 war:

iii. 1971 War:

i. Reinstatement of Relations:

Iran successful for the better relation Between

Pakistan and Afghanistan which resulted in the

1963 Tehran Accord.

Afghanistan and Pakistan agreed to restore

diplomatic relations, re-open their closed

borders and resume trade and commercial ties.

ii. 1965 war:

The relations were improved to such an extent

that during the 1965 India Pakistan war,

Afghanistan sided with Pakistan which enabled

Islamabad to fully concentrate on its war with

India and worry less about the security of its

western border.

iii. 1971 war:

King Zahir Shah, in his state visit of 1968, was given a

very warm welcome by Pakistan.

Islamabad decision to disband one unit led to further

warmth in Pak-Afghan relations including increase in

economic cooperation and mutual understanding .

Afghanistan maintained strict neutrality during the 1971

war between India and Pakistan and refrained from

taking advantage of Pakistan’s preoccupation in war.

3) Phase (3) 1973-1978:

i. Deposition of Zahir Shah:

ii. Doud Support to Separatists in Pakistan:

iii. Pakistan Support to anti Doud forces:

iv. Doud visit to Pakistan:

v. Pact:

vi. Saur revolution:

vii. Communist Reforms in Afghanistan and its Effects on Pakistan:

viii. Elimination of Tarraki:

i. Deposition of Zahir Shah:

In July 1973, Sardar Daud, an ardent champion of Pakhtoonistanissue, deposed King Zahir Shah while he was on visit to Europe with the help of leftist forces and in connivance with the Soviets.

ii. Doud Support to Separatists in Pakistan:

It was feared that the Daoud comeback would once again arouse separatist movements amongst Pakhtoon and Balochi living across Durand Line. And it did happen in Balochistan when Afghanistan provided sanctuaries to the Murree and Bugti insurgents in mid 70s.

iii. Pakistan Support to anti Doudforces:

Considering Daud a serious threat to Pakistan

integration, Pakistan government decided to support

anti Daud forces in destabilizing and bringing down

Daud regime.

Resultantly , Pakistan welcomed Afghan Islamists with

anti communist and anti Doud feelings.

These dissidents were provided training and other

supports for their incursions and uprisings inside

Afghanistan.

iv. Doud visit to Pakistan:

Experiencing rise in Soviet influence in Afghanistan’s internal affairs

Daud observed that anti Pakistan policies were doing Afghanistan

more harm than good.

Daud , succumbed by Pakistan retaliation, decided for reconciliation with Islamabad and invited Pakistan’s Prime Minister

Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto for Kabul’s visit.

Bhutto was given a warm welcome in Kabul in June 1976.

Daud was given red carpet reception in his reciprocal visit to

Islamabad in August same year.

v. Pact:

Bhutto agreed to release the National Awami Party (NAP) leaders

accused of supporting the Pukhtoonistan demand.

while Daud agreed to recognize the Durand Line as the frontier

between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

vi. Saur revolution: Elimination of Daud by communist forces in April 1978 . Kabul was

taken over by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).

The country was renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA).

vii. Communist Reforms in Afghanistan

and its Effects on Pakistan:

Pakistan had no other option but either to surrender or to go for all

out support to the forces resisting against the communist regime.

Besides, supporting and organizing resistance forces against the

Communist regime of Kabul, Pakistan had to host over 150,000 Afghan refugees into Pakistan immediately after the Saur Revolution

of April 1978.

viii. Elimination of Tarraki: On September 16th 1979, Hafizullah Amin staged another coup against own

government, killing Taraki, and took over as President of Afghanistan.

4) Phase (4) 1979-1992:

i. Soviet invasion:

ii. American assistance to Pakistan:

iii. Pakistani assistance to Mujahadin:

iv. Geneva Pact:

i. Soviet invasion:

The December, 27th 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,

which killed Hafizullah Amin and installed Babrak Karmal

as the country’s president.

Which created a frightening situation for Pakistan as it

brought the Red Army dangerously close to the Khyber

Pass, the traditional gateway of invasions of South Asia

from the north.

ii. American assistance to Pakistan:

President Carter, on May 4, 1980, declared:

“We will provide military equipment, food and

other assistance to help Pakistan defend its

independence and national security against the

seriously increased threat from the north.”

The American’s supply of arms, ammunition and

equipment to the Mujahideen, was funneled

through Pakistan’s ISI.

iii. Pakistani assistance to Mujahidin:

The leading recipient of Amerikan aid was Hezb-i-Islami that proved

to be the trust worthy and deserving resistance force.

It was Pakistan’s skill-full use of intelligence and resources against

Soviet forces that made Afghanistan a ‘bleeding wound’ for Moscow.

iv.Geneva Pact: Finally, the Peace Accord between Pakistan and

Afghanistan was signed in Geneva on April 14, 1988, with the two superpowers as its co-guarantors.

5) Phase (5) 1992-9/11-2001:

i. Peshawar accord:

ii. Tahreek e Taliban:

iii. Pakistani Support to Taliban :

iv. Deterioration in Pak Iran Relations:

v. US opposition:

i. Peshawar accord:

The Peshawar accord was the agreement between different leaders

of Afghanistan about future government structure after soviet union

elimination at Peshawar.

ii. Tahreek e Taliban: Tehreek-i-Islami-i-Taliban Afghanistan emerged in and around

Kandhar in September 1994 and began as a new movement.

With in three years Taliban were finally able to control 27 out of 32

provinces by the 3rd weak of May 1997.

iii. Pakistani Support to Taliban :

Pakistan extended full diplomatic and economic support to the

Taliban Government.

To reconstruct Chaman- Kandhar - Herat- Kushka highway Pakistan

provided financial and technical support to the Taliban as well.

iv.Deterioration in Pak Iran Relations:

The Pak-Iran ties were further deteriorated when Taliban asked Iranian to close their Embassy and leave Kabul with in 48 hours.

v. US opposition:

US policy towards Taliban started changing because of Taliban’s

oppressive behavior towards women and presence of Osama and

Taliban’s open support for him.

On May 5th, 1999 the US Senate passed a resolution calling on President Bush not to recognize any government that discriminated

against women. Taliban allowed Usama to live comfortably in

Afghanistan and in return he provided personnel, money and

hundreds of Arab fighters to participate in the Taliban military

campaigns in the north.

Part (2)

Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations

since 9/11

The horrific acts of September 11, 2001 changed

the world and Pakistan Found itself between the

devil and the deep sea.

It marks a new phase of the Pakistan foreign

policy in general and Pakistan’s Afghanistan

policy in particular.

Phases in Part (2): American Reaction:

Pakistan Reaction:

Pakistan role For Peaceful solution

Reaction of Al qaeda after attacks from US

Reestablishment of government in Kabul

Hamid Karzai visit to Pakistan

Musharraf visits to Afghanistan

Support in Election

Foreign hand and particularly Indian Factors

Continued….

Pak Afghan relation in Asif Ali Zardari Era:

Signed agreement:

Smuggling Products :

Country agreement for the establishment of joint chamber of

commerce and industry

Bilateral trade between Pakistan and Afghanistan

Musharraf visits to Afghanistan:

President Musharraf’s visit to Afghanistan in April 2002 and announcement of 100 million dollars aid for reconstruction of Afghanistan.

President Musharraf was the first head of state to visit Afghanistan after the successful completion of presidential election.

Support in Election: Pakistan also provided full support for the peaceful conduct of

presidential and parliamentary polls in October 2004 and September 2005.

The border Was sealed to guard against any invasions across the border to disrupt election process.

American reaction:

Pakistan was given a stark choice by America; ‘either to be with us or against us’.

“We will starve terrorists of funding, turn them one against another drive them from place to place, until there is no refuge or no rest. And we will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism. Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. From this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime”

Pakistan reaction:

Pakistan was to either stand with America in its war

against Al Qaida and Taliban or suffer U.S. retaliation if

continue with its pro Taliban stand.

Pakistan opted to side the international coalition and

provide intelligence, flight corridor and bases for

logistic support and recovery to the U.S. led military

attack over Afghanistan on October 7, 2001.

Pakistan role For Peaceful solution:

Pakistan, to avert likely war, did its best to mediate between U.S and the

Taliban.

George Tenet, former head of C I A, in his book amply records Pakistan’s

efforts of bringing Taliban to the table and averting war.

He claims that Pakistan helped in arranging meetings between Robert

Grenier, (CIA boss in Islamabad) and Mullah Akhter Mohammed Osmani,

Taliban leader to sort out any peaceful solution.

Pakistan spy master Lt. Gen. Mahmood Ahmed (DG ISI) with a high

level delegation also visited Taliban leader Mullah Omar in Kandahar on

17th September 2001, and persuaded him to extradite bin Laden so as to

Avert drastic consequences from US attack.

Reaction of Al qaeda after attacks from US:

The attack was effective in destroying the training camps.

However, the large numbers of the Taliban and Al Qaeda dispersed and disappeared in

to the hinterland and some fled in to the neighboring Iran and Pakistan.

Within 8-10 weeks the Taliban were over powered, routed, major cities including the

capital fell on November 13th, 2001.

Reestablishment of government in

Kabul:

After the disintegration of Taliban and surrender

of Kabul, UN arranged meeting of selected

Tribal chiefs in Bonn (Germany) to decide

upon Afghan interim government under

Hamid Karazi with six months mandate

commencing from 22 December 2001.

Hamid Karzai visit to Pakistan:

Pakistan supported the interim set up and Hamid Karzai

paid an official visit to Pakistan in February 2002.

And started again bilateral relations on friendly terms.

Pakistan offered all sort of moral, political and

economic support to strengthen new government in

Kabul under the presidency of Karzai.

Foreign hand and particularly Indian

Factors:

On the contrary Afghanistan’s distant neighbor

like India was provided opportunity to further

its strategic interests against Pakistan.

Since then, India has found a vast platform

in Afghanistan to conduct its covert activities

in Baluchistan through Balochi dissidents and

FATA through TTP in order to destabilize

Pakistan.

Pak Afghan relation in Asif Ali Zardari

Era:

President Zardari made his first trip to

Afghanistan in January 2009,finishing to

terrorism.

In September 2010, Afghan President Hamid

Karzai traveled to Pakistan addressing new

tactics to fight militancy.

Signed agreement:

In order to enhance cooperation amongst the

two countries, in October 2010, the

President has signed a Pakistan-Afghanistan

Transit Trade Agreement.

Smuggling Products :

Smuggling became a major business after the

establishment of the Durand Line in 1893, which is now

controlled by a large network of mafia groups on both

sides of the border.

Meat Smuggled:

In Peshawar, Pakistan, local police and the food department

recovered the meat which was smuggled to Afghanistan from the

city Peshawar on September 13, 2012.

Minerals smuggled:

Pakistan generates about USD 350mn revenue on

smuggling of these stones annually, while Afghanistan

only earns USD 300,000.The industry offered jobs to 5,000

Afghans and 6,000 Pakistanis, he added.

Country agreement for the establishment of joint

chamber of commerce and industry:

The countries also agreed to establish a joint chamber of

commerce and industry.

Pakistan has offered to host the inaugural session of the

proposed chamber, and display centers for industrial

exhibitions will be set up in Karachi and Kabul

Bilateral trade between Pakistan and Afghanistan:

Pakistan and Afghanistan have agreed to strengthen

trade ties and double annual bilateral trade by 2015,

after a two-day Joint Economic Commission (JEC)

meeting January 16-17 in Islamabad