Philippine RevolutionFrom Indio to Filipino

The Filipinos began to fight the Spaniards the moment they settled permanently in 1565 and continued this resistance to the end of their rule in 1898.

In October 1889, a group of ilustrados in Paris, signing themselves as the “Filipinos”.

The Philippine Revolt patterns must be treated holistically and not separately.

Land problems

Revolts are categorized into three

Resistance to Spanish- imposed economic and religious institutions

Personal and religious

Personal Motives

The revolts were personally led by former barangay datus and maharlikas, as well as babaylans and katalonas, who had lost their prestige and power in their communities with the coming of the Spaniards, and were supplanted by leaders chosen by the Spaniards and by the Spanish friars.

Personal Motives

Lakandula and Soliman Revolt in 1574 due to sequestration of their landed properties and even toleration of the encomendero’s abuse and oppression of their people.

The conspiracy of the maharlikas headed by Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan.

Personal Motives

In 1621-22, an outlawed babaylan, Tamblot of Bohol employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving people to abandon Christianity and to return to their former beliefs. In no time, he was crushed by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde mayor of Cebu.

Personal Motives

The rebellion in Carigara (Leyte), led by Bankaw, Datu of Limasawa

Francisco Dagohoy’s revolt in Bohol. This was the longest revolt in Philippine history taking 85 years to quell (1744- 1829).

Silang Revolt in IlocosPalaris Revolt in PangasinanMagtangaga Revolt in Cagayan

Religious Motives

Two Christianized Isnegs of Northwest Cagayan, Miguel Lanab and Alalaban of Capinatan (Apayao), revolted in 1625, by mutilating and beheading the Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Bro. Onofre Palao.

A nativist revolt with religious overtones was led by Tapar in Oton, Iloilo, whom proclaimed himself, “God Almighty”.

Religious Motives

The Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan in October 1718 led by Francisco Rivera, a vissionary who appropriated for himself the title of “Papa Rey”.

Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz’s revolt which was divided into two phases: phase 1 from 1832- 1841 was from the founding of the Confradia de San Jose in 1832 to the death of Dela Cruz in 1841, and phase 2 from 1870- 71, with the revival of the Confradia in 1870, terminating with the revolt and capture of Januario Labios in 1871.

Resistance to Spanish- Imposed Institutions

Among the major rebellions belonging to this class were those in the late 16th century led by Magalat of Cagayan, the Sumodoy and the CARAGA revolts in the 17th century.

Name of Revolt

Date

Place Cause Leader Result

Lakandula 1574

Tondo, Navotas

Failure of Gov. Lavezares to fulfill Legazpis’ promise to Lakandula

Lakandula

Failed

Pampanga

1585

Pampanga Abuses of Spanish Encomienderos

Failed. A woman betrayed the revolt.

Todo 1587-1588

Tondo, Cuyo, Calamianes

Desire for Independence

Magat Salamat, Martin Pangan, Juan Banal, Pedro Balingit

Failed because the plot was discovered. Leaders were executed.

Name of Revolt

Date

Place Cause Leader Result

Cagayan- Ilocos

1589

Cagayan, Ilocos Norte

Refusal to pay tributes, tyranny of tribute collectors

Failed. Easily suppressed.

Magalat 1596

Cagayan Abuses of the Tribute Collectors

Magalat Failed. Hired Assasins killed the Magalat.

Igorot 1601

Northern Luzon

Desire for religious toleration

Failed

Irrayas 1621

Cagayan Valley

Oppression of the Indios by the Spanish officials

Felipe Cutabay, Gabriel Dayag

It was not materialized due to Fr. Pedro Sto. Tomas preaching.

Name of Revolt

Date

Place Cause Leader Result

Tamblot 1621- 1622

Bohol Desire to abandon Christianity and return to old religious faith

Babaylan Tamblot

It was suppressed by the Spaniards and Cebuanos.

Bankaw 1621

Leyte Desire for Religious Toleration

Bankaw Pagali

Failed

Cagayan 1625, 1627, 1639

Cagayan Desire for independence and punishment of a woman whom displeases certain Spanish officials

Miguel Lanab, Aldaban

Failed. Leaders were pardoned and later killed when they revolted anew.

Name of Revolt

Date

Place Cause Leader Result

Caraga 1629- 1631

Caraga, Northern Mindanao

Dissatisfaction of townspeople to Spanish rule

Failed

Cagayan 1639

Cagayan Dissatisfaction with Spanish rule

It was suppressed.

Ladia 1643

Malolos, Bulacan and Southern Luzon

Weariness from Spanish oppression

Pedro Ladia

Failed

Visayan 1649- 1650

Eastern Visayas, Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga

Caused by Gov. Fajardo’s order to send Visayan laborers tyo Cavite for shipbuilding

Juan Ponce Sumoroy and Pedro Caamug

Leaders were captured and were beheaded.

Name of Revolt

Date

Place Cause Leader Result

Pampanga

1660- 1661

Bacoor, Cavite and Pampanga

Failure of officials to pay rice purchased; repeated requirements for polo y servico

Francisco Maniago

General amnesty granted to rebels. Initial payment for services.

Pangasinan

1660- 1661

Binalatongan, Pangasinan

Quarrel between Fr. Gorospe and Malong

Andres Malong and Pedro Gumpaos

Failed

Ilocos 1661

San Nicolas, Bacarra, Laog, Ilocos

Spanish aggression

Juan Magsanop, Pedro Almazan and Gaspar Cristobal

Failed. Leaders were executed.

Name of Revolt

Date

Place Cause Leader Result

Panay 1663

Oton, Panay

Desire to put up a modified form of Christianity

Tapar It was suppressed.

Agrarian 1745- 1746

Bulacan, Morong (Rizal), Cavite, Laguna

Usurpation of Filipino lands by religious orders

Matienza Failed

Dagohoy 1744- 1828

Bohol Refusal of Fr. Morales to give Dagohoy’s brother a Christian Burial

Francisco Dagohoy

Failed but rebels were pardoned.

Silang 1762- 1763

Ilocos Desire to expel the Spaniards from Ilocos

Diego silang and Gabriela Silang

Failed. Diego was assasinated .

Name of Revolt

Date

Place Cause Leader Result

Palaris 1762- 1765

Pangasinan

Demand for reforms especially the changing of local officials

Juan Dela Cruz Palaris

Failed. Palaris was executed

Basi 1807

Ilocos Government monopoly of basi manufacturing

Pedro Mateo

Failed. Rebels were crushed by government troops.

Hermano Pule

1840- 1841

Quezon Province

Being a native, Pule was denied to be admitted as a monk. He founded the religious brotherhood, Confradia De San Jose, which the government outlawed and ordered to be dissolved.

Apolinario dela Cruz

Failed

Moro Resistance

• Most united groups were the Muslims.

• They were bounded by Islam. • Continuous military expeditions

failed to subdue them. They fought back by raiding the coastal towns under Spain.

Why all these revolts failed?

Absence of national leader

Lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos

Inadequate training andpreparation for warfare

The Development and Growth of Filipino

Nationalism

Nationalism

• It is the love of one’s country and people.

• It is a feeling of oneness that binds the people to a common past and a common identity.

• It includes pride in one’s cultural heritage, support for the country’s aspirations, patriotism and advocacy of national independence.

What facilitated the development of Filipino

nationalism?

1. Influx of liberal ideas from Europe2. Introduction of modern technology3. The opening of Philippines to world

trade4. The opening of the Suez Canal –

traveling to other countries exposed the Filipinos to modern ideas of liberty.

5. The rise of new middle class- occupied a high position in society because of their wealth and prestige. They also criticized the unequal treatment of the Spaniards to the Filipinos.

6.Secularization Issue•Two kinds of priest during the Spanish Regimea.Regular- Spanish priests who belong to any of

the religious orders.b.Secular- Priest who obtained their religious

training in the Philippines who were under the direct control of the bishops and archbishops.

Filipino priests were not only denied access to the parishes but some of them were removed from their parishes to accommodate the regulars . This event turned out to be a racial discrimination against Filipino secular priests.

7. Cavite Mutiny- Soldiers and workers at the Cavite Arsenal rebelled against the withdrawal of their privileges of non-payment of taxes and exemption from forced labor.

8. Trial and execution of GOMBURZA

9. Disillusionment over Spanish rule- common sufferings under tyrannical rule of the Spaniards fostered a feeling of unity among Filipinos.