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A brief over view of fermenter and bio-reactor design
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FERMENTER AND
BIOREACTORDESIGNRaffia Siddique
National University of Sciences and Technology sector H-12 Islamabad
ABSTRACT
Fermentation is the process which requires fermenter or a bioreactor, the basic thing which enable the scientist help in their biotechnological research, to see their desired products being produced. The complete bioreactor design from inside and outside is being elaborated along with different types of fermenters which help in different type of fermentation processes. The bioreactor parts, its assembly, disassembly, cleaning autoclaving. The performance of bioreactors and different problems which arise during the functioning of bioreactors are being discussed. Method of sampling are also unscrambled, hence a complete package on design of bioreactor and fermenter
Introduction
Bioreactor• A bioreactor can be defined
as an apparatus, such as a large fermentation chamber, for growing organisms such as bacteria or yeast that are used in the biotechnological manufacture of substances such as pharmaceuticals, antibodies, or vaccines, or for the bioconversion of organic waste.
Fermenter• However a fermenter can be
defined as an apparatus that maintains optimal conditions for the growth of microorganisms, used in large-scale fermentation and in the commercial production of antibiotics and hormones
What is common in bioreactor and fermenter?
• In both the fermenters and the
bioreactors fermentation is
carried out.
• and fermentation is the
anaerobic conversion of sugar to
carbon dioxide and alcohol by
yeast.
Component parts of Bioreactors
There are four main subdivisions of a standard bioreactor (STR);1. Base Unit2. Culture Vessel3. Peripheral Equipment4. Instrumentation for measurement and /or
control of key process parameters with links to supervisory of software and remote control facility.
Fermenter / bioreactor general appearance
Component
parts of characteristic
vessel
1. round bottom , top plate
2. Seal3. Sample pipe4. Port fittings of
various sizes5. special inoculation
port 6. gas sparger 7. A drive motor8. Drive shaft9. Impellers10.Baffles11.Air Filter
Cont.12.Dissolved oxygen
electrode13.pH electrode14.Antifoam probe15.Cooling Valve16.Heater pad17.Pt-100 temperature
sensor18.Cold finger19.Reagent bottles20.Sample device 21.controller base unit
Peripheral parts and accessories
I. Peristaltic pumpsII.Medium Feed Pumps
And Reservoir BottlesIII.Rota meter/ Gas supplyIV. Sampling device
Common Measurement And Control Systems
1. Speed Control
2. Temperature Control
3. Control of Gas Supply
4. Control of pH
5. Control of Dissolved
Oxygen
6. Anti-Foam Control
7. Feed Control
Bioreactor/ Fermenter Designs
1.Stirred Tank 2.Air lift reactors3.Bubble Column4.Packed bed reactors5.Trickle bed reactors6.Fluidized bed reactor
Stirred tank reactor• Mixing method:
Mechanical agitation• High input required• Baffles are
constructed within the built-in.
• Applications include production of antibiotics and free/immobilized enzymes
• Draw back is that high shear forces may break the cells
Air lift reactors
Mixing method: airlift• Central draft tube• Up-flowing stream
and down flowing stream
• Homogenization of all components present
• Applications includebacterial, animal, plant, fungi and yeast cells.
Bubble column reactor
Mixing method: Gas sparging• Simple design• Good heat and mass
transfer rates• Low energy input• Gas-liquid mass transfer
coefficients depend largely on bubble diameter and gas hold-up
Packed bed reactor• Column with
attached biofilm• Biocatalysts• Pump is required
to make fluid move through the packed bed
• Applications include waste water treatment
Fluidized bed reactor
• When the packed beds are operated in up-flow mode, the bed expands at high liquid flow rates due to upward motion of the particles.
• Energy is required• Waste water
treatment
Trickle bed reactors• Liquid is sprayed onto
the top of the packing and trickles down through the bed in small rivulets.
• In the process, the gaseous pollutants on the surface of the carriers is adsorbed and immediately biologically mineralized (degraded) by the microorganisms.
References• ”Bioreactor”. Def. The Free Dictionary by Farlex.from
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bioreactor
• Bioreactor. An Encyclopedia Britannica.From http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bioreactor
• ”fermentor”.Def. The Free Dictionary by Farlex.from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fermenter
• ”fermentation” . Def. The Free Dictionary by Farlex.from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fermentation
Thank you