CODE-SWITCHING

By: Tahir Naveed MalikRoll No: BD563273

Sequence of PresentationCommon Examples of CSDefinitionTypes of CSReasons/factors of CSCS among Pakistani languagesCS in Class RoomAdvantages / disadvantages of CSCommon / interested examples of CMQuestions / Answers

What is this?

What is this?

What is this?

What is this?

What is this?

What is this?

What is Code Switching?

According to Walid M Rihane (Arab Open University)

“In many situations, a speaker may shift from one code to another, intentionally or unintentionally. This shift may be from one language to another, from one dialect to another, or from one style to another for many different reasons.”

What is Code Switching?

According to Richard Nordquist (P. Hd; An American author)

“The practice of moving back and forth between two languages. or between two dialects / registers / styles of the same language is called code-switching. It is also called code-mixing.”

What is Code Switching?

According to Wikipedia “In linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilingual – speakers of more than one language – sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other.

Points to ponder…

Nearly seven thousand languages spoken throughout the worldMore than half of the worlds’ population is estimated to be bilingual and engages in code switching across the world.Code switching occurs far more often in conversation than in writing.In Pakistan, mainly used in military conversation and learning

Types of Code-switching

Types of Code-switching

In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries. This is seen most often between fluent bilingual speakers. For Example: 

Me tu yahan hoon. What happened?

Types of Code-switching

In intra-sentential code switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations or pauses indicating a shift. The speaker is usually unaware of the shift. Different types of switch occur within the clause level including within the word level. Some researchers call it also code mixing. 

Types of Code-switching

More examples – Urdu <> English CS:Kitna khoobsoorat SCENE ha. (noun)Yeh ONE-SIDED report ha. (noun phrase)Ye barra NICE COLOUR ha. (adjective)In dono ko COMPARE kro. (verb)Aaj me ne barray TASTY kabab khaye hain. (Adj.) I did breakfast with tea and PRATHAS. (borrowing)BHAI G! Get up please. (borrowing)I love you JAAN. (borrowing)

Types of Code-switching

More examples – Urdu <> English CS:Awaam ko koi RELIEF nahi mila. Supreme Court main JUDGES ki tadaad barhanay kay liye ACT 33 tabdeel kia jaye. Pakistan main jamhooriat ka farogh hamari POLICY hai.MUJHE SHIKAYAT HAI that we are not making history.We reached there in time, LAKIN no body was there to receive us.

Types of Code-switching

In Tag Code Switching, there is an insertion of a tag from one language into an utterance which is form another language. Almost similar to intra-code sentential switchingFor example: Urdu<>English students use some boundaries like but (lekin), I mean (Yaani), so (iss liye), then (phir) while speaking English.For Example: Iss ka order ooper se aaya ha.

Reasons for Code-switching

Sign of Solidarity & affiliation (Example of elevator)Continuity in speech rather than presenting an interference in language. Code switching allows a speaker to convey attitude, anger and other emotives itching is done deliberately to exclude a person from a conversation.

Reasons for Code-switching

People may use code-switching to hide fluency or memory problems in the second language (but this accounts for about only 10 percent of code switches). Code-switching is used to mark switching from informal situations (using native languages) to formal situations (using second language).

Reasons for Code-switching

Code-switching is used to exert control or to get attention, especially between parents and children at home, teacher and students making noise in the class and teacher use code-switching technique to control his/her class, a religious scholar (called Maulvi or Khateeb) uses Arabic phrases or verses in his religious speech/lesson in a gathering.

Reasons for Code-switching

Metalinguistic: explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languagesDirective (commands, instructions, orders etc)Referential Phatic (Greeting words e.g Good morning etc)Speakers tend to use different languages to imply a certain social status or to distinguish themselves from other social classes.

Reasons for Code-switching

Social trends

Increase social distance

Level of formality

Mobile SMS

Job Interviews

Legal proceedings

Use of loan words in Urdu (code borrowing)

Code-Switching in PakistanURDU + ENGLISHURDU + PUNJABIURDU + SARAIKIURDU + PUSHTOURDU + SINDHIURDU + BALOCHIURDU + KASMIRIURDU + HINDKO

Code-Switching in Pakistan

URDU/ENGLISH + CHINESEURDU + ARABICPUNJABI + PUSHTO/SINDHI/BALOCHI/KASMIRI/SARAIKI/URDUSARAIKI + PUSHTO/SINDHI/BALOCHI/KASMIRI/PUNJABI/URDU

Code-Switching in Pakistan

PUSHTO + PUNJABI/SINDHI/BALOCHI/KASMIRI/SARAIKI/URDUKASHMIRI + PUNJABI/SINDHI/BALOCHI/PUNJABI/SARAIKI/URDUBALOCHI + PUNJABI/SINDHI/PUSHTO/KASMIRI/SARAIKI/URDU

Code-Switching in the classroom

For translationTo understand difficult lessons easilyTo learn new vocabulary in the classroom To establish a relationship with studentsTo assert the authority of the teacherVery effective to learn a foreign languageIncreases participation & understanding Makes languages motivational and interesting

Advantages of Code-Switching

Change role of a speaker: raise status, add authority, show expertiseConvey privacy, secrecy, anger, annoyanceEmphasize group identity (solidarity)Hide language incompetencyContinuity of speech

Disadvantages of Code-Switching

Threat to regional / national language - Code-mixing often precedes language shift/death Weakens language competency in writing – registerExclusion of someone from conversation – Monolinguals hate code-switchingCode-mixing is a marker of education, religion, geographical origin, caste in some areas.Develops formal relationships

Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversation

Parkoon : ParksMummy : Hanoot shuda lasheinBoxon : SandooqonActoroon : AddakaaroonTourists : SayyahRiflain : BandooqainLunch box : Khanay ka dabbaMission : MaqsadClinic : MatabSuit : Jora

Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversation

Shop : ShopSaleman : DukandaarHarvester Machine: Kataee MachineCancer : SartanTB : Tap-e-diqTyphoid : Maeedi BukharBlood pressure : Fishaar-e-khoonCar : Motor gaariLoudspeaker : Awaaz RasaanCulture : Rehn Sehn ka tareeqa

Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books

Society : MuashraNature : QudratManager : Intizaam karne walaGood morning : Subha BakhairSpirit : RoohUmpire : SalasMember : RuknCommittee : MajlisPublic: AwaamLeader : Qaid

Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversation

Christians : EsaaiSeat : NashistMatch: MuqablaButler: KhansaamanPhoto : TasweerChemicals : Chemyai MarkbaatPlatform : ManshoorSpray : Chirkao / PhowarLights: Batyaan / RoshniyanDental Surgeon : Dantoon ki jarrah

Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversation

Condition : HalaatOperation : JarrahiFarm : Khet / KhetiModel : NamoonaBritish : BartaanviBrown : NaswaariBatsman : Ballay BaazAirport : Hawai AddaGuard: Neegehban, PaasbanDisturb : Praishan / Uljhan / Tang

Code-mixing examples in Urdu Text books & conversationControl : QabuOverhauling : Jaanch PartaalClub : Nach ghar / May Khana,

anjuman / raqs o suroor ka markez