Cardiovascular systemDr. Haydar Muneer Salih

Cardiovascular system consists of the (heart) which pumps blood for circulation and the blood vessels which carry the oxygenated blood (arteries) to the various organs and return the deoxygenated blood (veins), from various tissues and organs to the heart.

It is responsible for the transport of nutritive substances from gastrointestinal tract, transport of waste products for removal to liver and kidneys. It also distributes hormones and other agents that regulate various body functions and helps in regulation of temperature and the internal environment.

Aorta

Aorta is the arterial trunk of the body. It arises from the left ventricle of the heart and is divided anatomically into the following parts:1. Ascending aorta2. Arch of aorta3. Descending aorta: This is further divided into thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta

COMMON CAROTID ARTERY • It is the chief artery supplying head and

neck. There are two common carotid arteries, one on right and one on left side.

• The right common carotid artery originates from the brarchiocephalic trunk (innominate artery) behind the right sternoclavicular joint in the neck.

• The left common carotid artery arises in the thorax directly from the arch of aorta.

Aorta

Carotid Sinus

• It is a dilatation at the terminal end of the common carotid artery or at the beginning of internal carotid artery. It has a rich innervation from the glossopharyngeal and sympathetic nerves.• The carotid sinus acts as a baroreceptor (pressure receptor) and regulates the blood pressure.

Carotid Body • It is a small oval structure situated just behind the bifurcation of the common carotid artery It is reddish-brown in colour and receives rich nerve supply from glossopharyngeal, vagus and sympathetic nerves.• It acts as a chemoreceptor and responds to the changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide contents of the blood

External Carotid Artery

The artery begins at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and terminates in the substance of the parotid gland behind the neck of the mandible by dividing into the superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

Branches of the External Carotid Artery1. Superior thyroid 2. Ascending pharyngeal 3. Lingual4. Facial : . It lies deep to the submandibular

salivary gland and emerges and bends around the lower border of the mandible. It then ascends over the face close to the anterior border of the masseter muscle.

5. Occipital:6. Posterior auricular:

Terminal branches 7-Superficial Temporal ArteryThe superficial temporal artery ascends over the zygomatic arch, where it may be palpated just in front of the auricle. It is accompanied by the auriculotemporal nerve, and it supplies the scalp.8-Maxillary Artery

Maxillary Artery It begins behind the neck of mandible and runs horizontally forwards up to the lower border of lower head of lateral pterygoidAfter emerging between the two heads of lateral pterygoid it enters the pterygopalatine fossa by passing through the pterygomaxillary fissure. Here, it ends by giving off its terminal branches.

Parts of Maxillary ArteryThe maxillary artery is divided into 3 parts. These parts are:1. First part (Mandibular part): From its origin to the lower border of lateral pterygoid. 2. Second part (Pterygoid part): From the lower border to the upper border of the lower head of lateral pterygoid muscle.3. Third part (Pterygopalatine part): From upper border of lower head of lateral pterygoid muscle to pterygopalatine fossa

First part (Mandibular part)

1. Deep auricular A.2. Anterior tympanic A.3. Middle meningeal A.4. Accessory meningeal A.5. Inferior alveolar A.

Second part (Pterygoid part)

1. Deep temporal A.2. Pterygoid branches A.3. Massetric A.4. Buccal A.

Third part (Pterygopalatine part)

1. Posterior superior alveolar A.2. Infra orbital A.3. Greater palatine A.4. Pharyngeal A.5. Artery of pterygoid canal6. Sphenopalatine A.

VENOUS DRIANAGEThe veins of the head and neck may be divided into:1-The veins of the brain, venous sinuses, diploic veins, and emissary veins.2- The veins of the scalp, face, and neck.

Veins of the BrainThe veins of the brain are thin walled and have no valves. They consist of the cerebral veins, the cerebellar veins, and the veins of the brainstem, all of which drain into the neighboring venous sinuses.Diploic VeinsThe diploic veins occupy channels within the bones of the vault of the skull.Emissary VeinsThe emissary veins are valveless veins that pass through the skull bones. They connect the veins of the scalp to the venous sinuses

Diploic vein

Emissary vein

Facial VeinThe facial vein is formed at the medial angle of the eye by the union of the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins. It is connected through the ophthalmic veins with the cavernous sinus. The facial vein descends down the face with the facial artery and passes around the lateral side of the mouth. It then crosses the mandible, is joined by the anterior division of the retromandibular vein, and drains into the internal jugular vein

Superficial Temporal Vein

The superficial temporal vein is formed on the side of the scale. It follows the superficial temporal artery and the auriculotemporal nerve and then enters the parotid salivary gland, where it joins the maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein

Maxillary vein

It is formed by the convergence of pterygoid plexus of veins. It is a short trunk, present along the first part of maxillary artery. It passes backwards between the sphenomandibular ligament and neck of mandible to reach the parotid gland. It unites with superficial temporal vein in the substance of parotid gland to form retromandibular vein.

Pterygoid plexus of veins

It is the plexus of veins present over the lateral pterygoid muscle. Part of plexus lies between the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles. It is formed by the multiple veins

Pterygoid plexus of veins

It drains into the maxillary vein and communicates with the following veins:1. Facial vein via deep facial vein.2. Cavernous sinus via emissary veins passing through foramen ovale and foramen lacerum

Retromandibular vein

The retromandibular vein is formed by the union of the superficial temporal and the maxillary veins On leaving the parotid salivary gland, it divides into an anterior branch, which joins the facial vein, and a posterior branch, which joins the posterior auricular vein to form theexternal jugular vein

External Jugular VeinThe external jugular vein is formed behind the angle of the jaw by the union of the posterior auricular vein with the posterior division of the retromandibular vein. It descends across the sternocleidomastoid muscle and beneath the platysma muscle, and it drains into the subclavian vein behind the middle of the clavicle, it gives:Posterior external jugular vein from the back of the scalpTransverse cervical veinSuprascapular vein from the back of the scapulaAnterior jugular vein

Internal Jugular Vein• The internal jugular vein is a large vein that

receives blood from the brain, face, and neck.• It leaves the skull through the jugular foramen.

It then descends through the neck in the carotid sheath lateral to the vagus nerve and the internal and common carotid arteries. It ends by joining the subclavian vein behind the medial end of the clavicle to form the brachiocephalic vein. Throughout its course, it is closely related to the deep cervical lymph nodes.

Tributaries

■■ Inferior petrosal sinus ■■ Facial vein ■■ Pharyngeal veins ■■ Lingual vein ■■ Superior thyroid vein ■■ Middle thyroid vein

Subclavian Vein

• The subclavian vein is a continuation of the axillary vein at the outer border of the 1st rib .It joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein, and it receives the external jugular vein. In addition, it often receives the thoracic duct on the left side and the right lymphatic duct on the right.

Parts of Maxillary Artery