Egyptian Timeline Old Kingdom (2700-2150) hieroglyphics and
religion develop in Egypt pyramids built Middle Kingdom (2040-1786)
extension of Egyptian control into Nubia New Kingdom (1570-1075)
militaristic - Hebrews enslaved mummification perfected
Outline 1. Geography 1. Government 2. Religion The Pharaoh Gods
2. Daily Life Pyramids 3. Middle Kingdom Mummies 4. New Kingdom1 2
3 4 5 6
I. Geography River dominates Egyptian world/thought Surrounded
by desert with occasional oases Permits some trade Defense from
invasion Contributes to feeling of safety Preserves artifacts1 2 3
4 5 6
Egypt is the gift of the Nile - Herodotus1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
I. The Nile Yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion
Predictable Irrigation systems Encourages Trade Communication
Political unity1 2 3 4 5 6
I. The Nile1 2 3 4 5 6
I. The Nile1 2 3 4 5 6
I. The Nile
I. The Nile Impact on religion divided life - living and dying.
East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples West
(sunset) is land of the dead - tombs1 2 3 4 5 6
I. The Nile1 2 3 4 5 6
II. Religion Omnipresence of religion Polytheistic interaction
with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses
yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun over 2000 gods
Pharaoh as living god Afterlife evolution of who has an afterlife
Old vs. New Kingdom1 2 3 4 5 6
II. Osiris God of the Dead - rebirth - and the weighing of the
heart Evolution of Egyptian mythology known as a ruler in the Nile
delta - a local god regional god.1 2 3 4 5 6
II. Horus Horus, god of balance and harmony. Maintained the
natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil.
1 2 3 4 5 6
II. Early Pyramids Zosers stepped pyramid - similar to
Babylonian ziggurats1 2 3 4 5 6
Why build Pyramids? Belief in the afterlife demanded: 1. Bodies
be interred whole 2. Material goods for use in afterlife be present
The need to protect the bodies demanded good burial tombs 1. First
were mastabas 2. Then pyramids 3. Then later hidden tombs
Mastaba
II. Great Pyramid Tomb for Khufu an almost perfect square
(deviation .05%) orientation is exactly North, South, East West
2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high 20 years to build average block weighs
2.5 tons Some weigh 9 tons!1 2 3 4 5 6
II. Great Pyramid1 2 3 4 5 6
II. Great Pyramid1 2 3 4 5 6
Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu Queen Pyramids in front1
2 3 4 5 6
II. Great Pyramid1 2 3 4 5 6
Valley of the Kings1 2 3 4 5 6 II. Hidden Tombs
II. Hidden Tombs Valley of the Kings1 2 3 4 5 6
II. Mummies Not known when mummification started in Egypt
Perfected by time of New Kingdom How to make a mummy: 70 steps 1)
Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the
intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the
body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the
intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating
agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7)
Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen
(soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with
ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less
than 1000 square yards .1 2 3 4 5 6
Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach,
intestines and liver which were also treated1 2 3 4 5 6
II. Mummies Mummy Inner coffin1 2 3 4 5 6
II. Mummies Second inner coffin Second inner coffin lid1 2 3 4
5 6
II. Mummies The mummy of Hatshepsut: 1479 1458 BC1 2 3 4 5
6
II. Mummies 3000 year-old mummy Pharaoh Rameses I1 2 3 4 5 6
Ruled Egypt from 1292-1290 BC
II. Mummies Mummy of Rameses II in Cairo Museum, one of the
greatest pharaohs of ancient Egypt1 2 3 4 5 6
Gift bearers Funerary Gifts Shabti box Model boat1 2 3 4 5
6
III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia Temporal power
owns all the land and people and what people possess law vs.
Pharaohs will irrigation no city walls1 2 3 4 5 6
III. The Pharaoh God-King - unlike Mesopotamia Religious direct
descendant of the Sun god controls access to the afterlife
July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh 365 day
calendar.1 2 3 4 5 6
III. The Pharaoh Valley of the Kings1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Daily Life in Egypt Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a
day), shaved bodies, wigs Main food is beer and bread grow many
crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet
Common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories
in height Four social classes - slaves on the bottom Most common
job farming1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Cosmetics in Egypt Egyptians used cosmetics regardless of
sex and social status for both aesthetic and therapeutic reasons.
Oils and unguents were rubbed into the skin to protect it from the
hot dry air.1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Cosmetics in Egypt1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Farmers in Egypt1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Farmers in Egypt1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Farmers in Egypt1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Farmers in Egypt1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Irrigation in Egypt shadoof1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Nile Life Today
IV. Nile Life Today
IV. Nile Life TodayA felucca, a traditional Nile sailing
boat.
IV. Nile Life Today
IV. Nile Life Today
IV. Nile Life Today
IV. Nile Life Today
IV. Nile Life Today
IV. Hieroglyphics Language is written without vowels Different
pronunciations MNFR as Memphis SR as Osiris TTMS as either
Thutmose, Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese Who learns this writing
style?1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Hieroglyphics Use in temples Rosetta Stone - hieroglyphics
- demotics - greek Napoleon and Egyptology.1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Papyrus in EgyptThe Egyptians invented paper (papyrus) and
writing on paper scrolls1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Egyptian Artwork Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork1 2
3 4 5 6
IV. Egyptian Artwork Stela (stone relief carving) ofAkhenaten,
Nefertiti and their children Painting - Egyptian farmers &
animals Notice, all people drawn from the side even when looking
right at you!1 2 3 4 5 6
IV. Egyptian Artwork Tutunkhamans tomb, Valley of the Kings1 2
3 4 5 6
V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE End of civil wars, return of
farming and trade Move of capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes)
Public improvements drain swamps, canal to Red Sea Belief in
afterlife expands to include common people Tombs instead of
pyramids better protection for mummies.1 2 3 4 5 6
V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE Ahmose I expelled the invading
Hyksos and reunited Egypt Known as the Empire period Development of
public and private zones at temples.1 2 3 4 5 6
Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE Characterized by a more
militaristic and imperialistic nature incorporated chariot, bronze
working, horses development of a professional army Became a
slave-based economy fueled by war and expansion1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. Threats to Tradition Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.)
introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief
god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm. Changed name to
Akhenaten (It is well with Aton) He closed the temples of other
gods and especially endeavoured to lessen the power of Amon-Re and
his priesthood at Thebes. 1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. Threats to Tradition 1355-1335 BCE Nefertiti Wife of
Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism
Political move against priests of Amon-Re Moved capital to Amarna
Worshipped Aton, the sun disk Royal inbreeding.1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE (King Tut) Child ruler Ruled nine
years, died at 18 Young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser
person (noble) resulting in preservation1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. Rameses II (1279-1213) Greatest New Kingdom ruler Military
leader of Egypt Expanded into southern Turkey Built many monuments
to himself Last gasp of Egyptian power.1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. Rameses II (1279-1213)1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. Rameses II (1279-1213)1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. Rameses II (1279-1213) Lake Nasser, Abu Simbel1 2 3 4 5
6
VI. Rameses II (1279-1213)1 2 3 4 5 6
VI. Rameses II (1279-1213) Lake Nasser, Abu Simbel1 2 3 4 5
6