By Mark Anthony Castillo

What is Adjective?

- Adjective is a word thatdescribes or give a better pictureof a noun.

Ex. Beautifulnice lovely wise

ADJECTIVE

In general, adjective andnouns overlap. The formerchange the meanings of the latter,hence, they are said to be theenemies of nouns.

ADJECTIVE

Absolute adjectives do not haveinfections. Because only one degree isavailable

Absolute alive American deadEntire equal essential fatalEternal empty complete devoid correct first full Hawaiian horizontal perfect proven roundSquare straight supreme final

Unanimous parallel unique

ADJECTIVE

Arrangement of adjective modifiersDeterminer Intensifier Quality Size or

shapeColor Noun

adjunctNoun construct

AAnTheTwo

SomewhatExceedinglyRathervery

StrictUglyBoldpretty

ThinFatLittletiny

Dark

pink

CollegeWaterSchoolorchid

GirlBuffaloBoyflowers

ADJECTIVE

Questions Answered by Adjectives

1. How many? ( five, seven, ten, twenty)2. What kind? (snap election, reserved officer,

private car, hungry chicken)3. Which one? (that box, your dog, his friend,

my pen)4. Whose? (Mother’s … My sister’s…,Lourdes’…)

ADJECTIVE

Limiting AdjectiveLimiting adjective is also called definitive's

1. Articles (a, an, the) the sound of the beginning of the noun to be modified (not its spelling) determines when to use a and when to use an .

a) a unit a) a homeb) an umbrella b) an honest boy

a) a union a) a euphoriab) an utterance b) an executive

ADJECTIVE

Limiting Adjective

2. Numeral Adjectives-

a) Cardinal numeral adjective is used in counting.(one, two, seven, ten)

b) Ordinal numeral adjective denotes position or order.(first, second, third, fourth)

c) Multiplicative adjective indicates multiplicity.(twofold, fivefold, six fold, tenfold)

ADJECTIVE

Limiting Adjective

3. demonstrative adjective is the only type of objective with plural form.

This child that student

These chair those tress

ADJECTIVE

Descriptive Adjective

Descriptive adjective is also called qualitative adjectives.They can be proper or common. Proper adjectives are

capitalized, while common adjectives are not.a)Proper adjectives

( Philippine flag, Japanese tourist, American citizens, Spanish house)

b) Common adjectives (lame dog, good boy, big tree,distant relatives)

ADJECTIVE

Attributive Adjective

An attributive adjective can be adherent when it standsbefore the governing noun, appositive when it standsafter. An appositive is actually a second noun placedimmediately after the first noun to show its quality.

a) Adherent adjective (a kind woman, blue dress, tall tree)

b) Appositive adjective (a woman, kind to everyone; Mrs.Luz Mendoza, our kind neighbour )

ADJECTIVE

Characteristic ending of Adjectives

The part of speech where a word belongs can be discernedon the type of suffix attached to the base word.

Suffix Adjective formed

- able- ible- al- ary- en- ful- ic

- amenable, allowable, agreeable- Invisible, permissible, collectible- Formal, cordial, conditional- Primary, secondary, temporary- Rotten, golden, sunken- Harmful, helpful, careful- Academic, artistic, simplistic

ADJECTIVE

Conversion PatternMost words terminating in ics are singular nouns

convertible to adjectives when s is dropped.Noun Adjective

BasicsCivics

ElectronicsGymnastics

specifics

BasicCivic

ElectronicGymnastic

specific

ADJECTIVE

Noun and Adjectives overlapA descriptive adjective can be used as subject in a sentence,

and function as a noun. By then it needs a plural verbwithout plural termination.

a) The honest are what we need in government officestoday.

b) The beautiful have many admirers.c) The poor do not enjoy many good things in life.

ADJECTIVE

Compound AdjectivesCompound adjectives are used for specific descriptions. To

improve description, sometimes two words arecombined to modify a noun. Compound adjectives takedifferent combinations

a) Adjective-participle (fast-running, slow-moving)b) Adjective-adjective (dark-brown, blue-green)c) Adjective-noun (five-man, four-star, nine-man)d) Noun-adjective (apple-green, chocolate-brown)

ADJECTIVE

Adjectives with LY Termination

Goodly heavenly kindlyLovely manly timely

The LY termination is very common inmanner adverbs. They can also be foundin adjectives.

ADJECTIVE

The Use of the Before Names of Places

The definite article the is used before names of countries Characterized as a unit. Such words, as republic, state, union, Kingdom, and empire, make implied cohesiveness. The definite Article the is likewise used before specific names of land, buildings, Statues, and water forms. Street names are exceptions.

ADJECTIVE

The Use of the Before Names of Places

a) The republic of the Philippines is headed by a

woman president.b) The united states is in the western hemisphere .c) The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is bordering the Persian Gulf.d) The soviet union is a powerful country.e) The Angat River is a source of irrigation water.f) The largest body of water is the Pacific Ocean.g) The PNB building Baliuaghas heliport

ADJECTIVE

The Use of the adjective Before Names of Places

a) The republic of the Philippines is headed by a

woman president.b) The united states is in the western hemisphere .c) The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is bordering the Persian Gulf.d) The soviet union is a powerful country.e) The Angat River is a source of irrigation water.f) The largest body of water is the Pacific Ocean.g) The PNB building Baliuaghas heliport

ADJECTIVEWORDS USED EITHER AS ADJECTIVES OR ADVERBS

As adjective As Adverb

fast worker very fastdeep river sank deepdress is too long worked long and earnestly hard problem work hardhigh building high into the air looks well well donethe only man for him onlytime is up goes up

-----------------------------------------------The part of speech into which a word belongs is

determined on how it is used in context.

ADJECTIVEUses of Adjectives

Demonstratives, indefinites, distributives, possessives, and interrogatives are sometimes used as modifiers functioning as adjectives. They are counterparts of

independent pronouns.

a) Demonstrative Adjective (this box, that toy, these bags, those books)b) Indefinite Adjectives (any person, all students, another game, both plans, few boys, many doctors)c) Distributive Adjectives (each child, either one, every contestant, neither you nor I)d)Interrogative Adjectives (whose work, which road, what means, what time)

ADJECTIVEIRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive Comparative Superlative

bad / evil worse worstgood / well better bestlittle less / lesser leastlovely more lovely most lovelynoble more noble most noblemany / much more mosttop … topmostup upper upmost / uppermostfar further furthestin inner inmost / innermostout outer outmost / outermost

ADJECTIVEIRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

The adjectives noble and lovely have both regular and irregular comparisons. Comparison can be positive or negative or in the ascending or in the descending order.

Positive is base form; more, most, less, and least are intensifiers. There is nothing wrong when a positive is combined with a comparative form; it is not double comparison.

ADJECTIVEModifiers

Modifiers provide additional information to the subject, verb, and object; they change the meaning of the word modified. All forms of adjectives add meaning or limit the nouns or pronouns; all forms of adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or another adverb.

Whether a modifier is expanded into a phrase or a clause, the same principle of modification applies. Other forms of modifiers are determiners, intensifiers, prepositional phrases, participial and infinitive phrases, appositives, and dependent clauses.

ADJECTIVEAdjectives Clauses

An adjective clauses is a subordinate clauses used as an adjective.

a) An intelligent person usually succeeds. (adjective)b) A person with intelligence usually succeeds. (adjectival phrase)c) A person who has intelligence usually succeeds. (adjectival clause)d) A laborer who does his work well is bound to stay long in the service. (adjectival phrase)e) Students who used to study hard can be proud of

their grades. (adjectival phrase)

ADJECTIVEPossessive Adjectives and Independent

Possessives

1. Possessive Adjectives -a) Her friend is studying in UP.b)Our residence is in a barangay in Bustos,

Bulacan.c)I saw your sister at a nearby store this

morning.d)We come to know her proposed plan.e)She received a gift from her cousin.

2. Independent Possessives -a) Mine is green.

b)This is yours.c)Mr. Roberto Angeles sold his.

ADJECTIVEDerivative Adjectives

A derivative adjective is an adjective derived from other parts of speech.

a) beauty to beautiful d) glory to glorious b) child to childish e) gold to golden c) friend to friendless

f) wonder to wonderful

ADJECTIVEAdjectives – Equivalents

Other parts of speech can be adjective or adjective – equivalent.

a) The party was celebrated last Friday afternoon. (Friday is used as adjective, being a modifier in the sentence.)

b) That is Luisa’s store. (Luisa’s is used as adjective, being a modifier in the sentence.)

ADJECTIVEEtymology

Words have multiplicity of facets, and vagueness are in many cases due to the elusive nature of meaning. Every word contains a hidden meaning aside from the central meaning.

Some compound words readily reflect their meanings; some show them partly; and some do not at all show any clue. Common sense therefore is necessary to get what they mean.

ADJECTIVEEtymology

Black magic black gold black listBlackmail blackout blue diamondBlack sheep blue alert black marketBlue baby blue jacket black belterBlue revolution blue Sunday law blue blood Blue ribbon brownout blueprintCommittee black Saturday black guardBlue collar jobs blue book blue moonBlue ladies black jack black-letter dayBlack hearted brown rice goldfishBrown study greening of manila green moneyFeeling blue green jokes greener pastureGreenhorn green revolution green woundGreenhouse green thumb pink of perfection

ADJECTIVEPossessive Compound Adjective vs.

Descriptive Compound AdjectivePossessive compound adjective uses apostrophe , while descriptive compound uses a hyphen.

a) Four kilometers’ distance .(possessive)b)Ten months’ travel abroad. (possessive)c)Two - year course. (descriptive)d)Five – year plan. (descriptive)

ADJECTIVESeparate and Joint Ownerships

To express separate ownership, each name is written with the ‘s; to express joint ownership, the apostrophe and s (‘s) are added to the last of two names.

Separate Ownership –a)Laura’s andLeoncia’s stores.b)Rosendo’s andTeofilo’s carts.

Joint Ownership –a)Laura andLeoncia’s store.

b)Rosendo andTeofilo’s cart.

ADJECTIVECompound Adjectives Modifiers

Different types of adjectives modifiers may be compound.

a) Compound predicate modifier. (The expectators, shouting and clapping, clearly evoked enjoyment.)

b)Compound predicate adjective. (Wild animals are elusive but fearful.)

c)Compound prepositional phrase. (Rural residents in the forest area and along the stream, enjoy the cool breeze.

d)Compound direct adjective. (Along the road, we saw green and yellow mangoes on sale.)

e)Compound infinitive modifiers. (We come to school to study and to learn.)

ADJECTIVE

Articles

The articles a, an, and the are considered special types of adjectives, because they also modify nouns. A and an are indefinite , while the is definite. An article that is used in a sentence affect s the meaning of that sentence.

a) Our neighbor has a black and white dog. (sing le animals)

b) I chanced to meet the secretary - treasurer of our club. (single person)

c) My friend and classmates has his birthday today . (single person)