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18th Century Literature :
An Overview
• Age of Enlightenment
• Age of Sensibility
• Neoclassical Age
• Augustan Age &
• “The Long 18th Century”
1660-1780
18th Century
Age of Pope (1700-50) Age of Johnson (1740-1800)
Historical Background:-
Age of Pope
Rise of the political parties
The foreign war
The succession
The spirit of the age
Predominance of Prose
Political Writing
The Clubs and Coffee houses
Periodical writing
The New Publishing Houses
The New Morality
Alexander Pope
Jonathan Swift
Sir Richard Steele
Daniel Defoe
Joseph Addison
Mathew Prior
John Gay
Edward Young
Age of Johnson
The Historical Background:-o Decline of the party feud
o Commercial and imperial expansion
o The French Revolution
The Double Tendency
The New Romanticism
The New Learning
The New Philosophy
Growth of Historical Research
The New Realism
The Decline of Political Writing
The Transition Age
Samuel Johnson
William Blake
James Thomson
Samuel Richardson
Henry Fielding
Oliver Goldsmith
Thomas Gray
William Collins
William Cowper
Robert Burns
Edward Gibbon
Edmund Burke
Adam Smith
Richard Sheriden
Poetry
Non Fiction
Drama
Fiction
NOVEL!
Features of Non Fiction :-
Influenced by Montaigne and Francis Bacon Dealt mostly with morals and manners Served the purpose of social commentary Everyday life as theme Aim : To amuse while also providing
information and advice
Daniel Defoe
• His Journal : The Review• ‘Enquiry into the Occasional Conformity of
Dissenters’ (1698)• The True-Born Englishman(1701)• ‘Shortest way with Dissenters’ (1702)
Jonathan Swift
• A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books• ‘A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and
Ascertaining the English Tongue’ (1712)• The Journal to Stella (1766-68)• A Modest Proposal for Preventing the
Children of Poor People from Being a Burthen to their Parents or Country (1729)
Dr Samuel Johnson(1704-84)
Reactionary Essay on Boswell’s life of Johnson Maker of the great Dictionary (1755) The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749) Periodical essays for The Rambler Rassels, Prince of Abyssinia (1759)
Bishop Joseph Butler(1692-1752) Adam Smith(1723-90)
• Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed (1736)
• Charge Delivered to the Clergy(1751)
• Theory of moral sentiments (1759)
• An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
Anthony Ashley Cooper (1671-1713)
Work: Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions and
Time
George Berkeley (1685-1753)
Work: Treatise concerning the Principles of Human
Knowledge (1710)
Periodical Essays
Joseph Addison (1672-
1719)
Entertaining and Educational
To educate and moralize people
‘The Spectator’ ‘The Tatler’
Social commentary , Satire
Richard Steele (1672-1729)
Eliza Haywood
‘ The Female Spectator’
( Feminine issues)
"prolific even by the standards of a prolific age"
(Blouch, intro 7)
Translated Virgil’s ‘Georgics’
The Christian Hero (1701)
Edmund Burke (1729-97)
• ‘On American Taxation’ (1774)• ‘Conciliation with America’
(1775)
Edward Gibbon (1737 - 94)
Historian
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire -Published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788.
Features of Poetry:- Satire. Public and literary figures were targeted
‘Graveyard School ’ : obsessed with decay and death
Highly self-conscious, crafted and metrical, but used simple language
Less satiric poets used wit and gentle irony
Deep sense of humanism in Wartons, Goldsmith and Pope
Pastoral Influence in Wartons, Goldsmith and Gray
Infulence of Classical authors and learning : ‘Neo Classism’
Alexander Pope(1688-1744)
• The Rape of the Lock
• Epistle to Dr Arthubnot
• The Dunciard
• Essay on Man
• Windsor Forest
The Heroic Couplet
James Thomson(1700-48)
• Epic poem : ’The Seasons ’ (1726-30)
• Spring• Summer• Autumn• Winter
• ‘Castle of Indolence’ (1748)
Christopher Smart (1722-71)
‘’Kit Smart, ‘Kitty Smart’, ‘Jack Smart’
• A Song to David (1763)• Jubilate Agno
Thomas Percy (1729-1811)
• Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765)
11/23/2014
The Legend of King Arthur Barbara Allen's Cruelty King Arthur's Death Edward, Edward Sir Lancelot Du Lake The Bonny Earl of Murray Sweet William's Ghost The Boy and the Mantle The Marriage of Sir
Gawaine King Ryence's Challenge
John Dyer (1699-1757)
• ‘The Fleece’
• ‘Grongar Hill’ (1726)
Robert Burns(1759-96)
O my Luve's like a red, red roseThat’s newly sprung in June;O my Luve's like the melodieThat’s sweetly play'd in tune.
Features of Drama :-
Restoration comedies lost favor
Satires- Political ones
Sentimental Comedy, Domestic Comedy
More emphasis on plot
Wit continues to be the key element
Henry Fielding
Social Satire :-
o The Careless Husband (1732)
o The Universal Gallant (1735)
o Mock Doctor (1732)
o The Historical Register for 1736 (1737)
Political Satire :-
The Tragedy of Tragedies; or, the Life and
Death of Tom Thumb the Great (1730)
RB Sheridan
“ Comedy of Character”
The School for Scandal (1777) The Critic (1779) The Duenna (1775) The Rivals (1775)
Richard Steele• The Funeral (1701)• The Lying Lover(1703)• The Tender Husband(1705)
Colley Cibber (1671-1757)
• Love’s Last Shift (1696)• Careless Husband (1704)
Oliver Goldsmith
• ‘ The Good Natur’d man• ‘She Stoops to Conquer’
(Class tensions)
John Gay
• ‘The Beggar's Opera’ (1728)
• ‘Achillies’
Farce
Features of Fiction :-
Emphasis on sentiments and manners
Satiric exploration of human follies and
vices
Rise of Picaresque tradition (habits and
adventures of a Picaro or rogue)
Comic effects by idiosyncratic character
(unusual character)
The origins of Gothic sensibility
derived from medievalism
Social commentaries-popular-virtues
and moral failings
Structure experimentation by Laurence Sterne in ‘The Life and Opinions of Trisham Shandy’
Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe(1719)Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720)Captain Singleton (1720)Journal of a Plague Year (1722)Moll Flanders (1724)Roxana (1724)
Laurance Sterne (1713-68)‘The Life and Opinions of Trisham Shandy’ (1759-67)
Henry Mackenzie(1745-1831 )‘Man of Feeling’ (1771)‘Man of the World’ (1773)
Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)‘Pamela’ (1740)‘Clarissa’ (1747-48)
Horace Walpole (1717-97)‘Castle of Otrando ’ (1764)
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)‘The Battle of the Books’ (1696-98)‘Gulliver’s Travels’ (1726)
Henry Fielding ‘Shamela’ (1741)‘Tom Jones’ (1749)
Tobais Smolett‘The Adventures of Roderick Random’ (1748)‘ The Adventures of Ferdinand ‘’Fathom (1753)‘The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker (1771)
Oliver Goldsmith ‘The Vikar of Wakefield’ (1766)
Eliza Haywood‘The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless (1751)’
Sarah Fielding‘David Simple’ (1744)‘The Governess’ (1749)
References:-
Albert, Edward. History of English
Literature.
Nayar,Pramod K. A Short History of English Literature