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SPANISH 18th SPANISH 18th CENTURY CENTURY 110 cañones y 14 obuses GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY DEPARTMENT IES FRAY PEDRO DE URBINA

Spanish 18th century

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History of Spain during 18th Century.

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Page 1: Spanish 18th century

SPANISH 18th SPANISH 18th CENTURYCENTURY

110 cañones y 14 obuses

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY DEPARTMENTIES FRAY PEDRO DE URBINA

Page 2: Spanish 18th century

War of the Spanish SuccessionWar of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) (1701-1714) The The War of the Spanish SuccessionWar of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was fought among several (1701-1714) was fought among several

European powers, principally the European powers, principally the Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire, , Great BritainGreat Britain, the , the Dutch RepublicDutch Republic, , PortugalPortugal, and the , and the Duchy of SavoyDuchy of Savoy, against the Kingdoms of , against the Kingdoms of FranceFrance and and SpainSpain and the and the Electorate of BavariaElectorate of Bavaria, over a possible unification of the , over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single BourbonBourbon monarch. Such a monarch. Such a unification would have drastically changed the European unification would have drastically changed the European balance of powerbalance of power..

It resulted in the recognition of the Bourbon Philip V as King of Spain while It resulted in the recognition of the Bourbon Philip V as King of Spain while requiring him both to renounce any claim to the French throne and to cede requiring him both to renounce any claim to the French throne and to cede much of the much of the European European Spanish Crown's possessionsSpanish Crown's possessions..

In 1700, the last Spanish Habsburg King, In 1700, the last Spanish Habsburg King, Charles II of SpainCharles II of Spain, died without issue, , died without issue, leaving his possessions to Philip, duc d'Anjou, grandson of leaving his possessions to Philip, duc d'Anjou, grandson of his half-sisterhis half-sister and and King King Louis XIV of FranceLouis XIV of France. Philip thereby became . Philip thereby became Philip V of SpainPhilip V of Spain..

The war began slowly, as The war began slowly, as Leopold I, Holy Roman EmperorLeopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, fought to protect the , fought to protect the Austrian HabsburgAustrian Habsburg claim to the Spanish inheritance, in favour of his younger son, claim to the Spanish inheritance, in favour of his younger son, the archduke Charles.the archduke Charles.

The war was concluded by the treaties of The war was concluded by the treaties of Utrecht (1713)Utrecht (1713) and and Rastatt (1714)Rastatt (1714). As . As a result, Philip V remained King of Spain but was removed from the French line a result, Philip V remained King of Spain but was removed from the French line of succession, thereby averting a union of the two kingdoms. The Austrians of succession, thereby averting a union of the two kingdoms. The Austrians gained most of the Spanish territories in Italy and the Netherlands. As a gained most of the Spanish territories in Italy and the Netherlands. As a consequence, France's consequence, France's hegemonyhegemony over continental Europe was ended, and the over continental Europe was ended, and the idea of a idea of a balance of powerbalance of power became a part of the international order became a part of the international order..

With regard to the political organization of their kingdoms, Philip issued the With regard to the political organization of their kingdoms, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decreesNueva Planta decrees, following the centralizing approach of the Bourbons in , following the centralizing approach of the Bourbons in France, ending the political autonomy of the kingdoms which had made up the France, ending the political autonomy of the kingdoms which had made up the Crown of AragonCrown of Aragon; territories in Spain that had supported the Archduke Charles; territories in Spain that had supported the Archduke Charles,, and up to then had kept their institutions in a framework of loose dynastic union, and up to then had kept their institutions in a framework of loose dynastic union, lost them. On the other hand, the lost them. On the other hand, the Kingdom of NavarreKingdom of Navarre and the and the Basque ProvincesBasque Provinces, having supported the king against the Habsburg pretender, did not lose their , having supported the king against the Habsburg pretender, did not lose their autonomy and retained their traditional differentiated institutions and laws (autonomy and retained their traditional differentiated institutions and laws (fuerosfueros).).

Philip V

Archduke Charles

Almansa battle

Page 3: Spanish 18th century

TimelineTimeline

Page 4: Spanish 18th century

LOST EUROPEAN LOST EUROPEAN TERRITORIESTERRITORIES

AMERICAN AMERICAN VICEROYALTIESVICEROYALTIES

Page 5: Spanish 18th century

TERRITORIAL HEIGHT OFTERRITORIAL HEIGHT OF SPANISH EMPIRE SPANISH EMPIRE

El Imperio español en su cúspide territorial alrededor de 1790       Regiones de influencia (exploradas y/o reclamadas pero nunca controladas)

o colonias en disputa o de corto control       Posesiones del Imperio portugués gobernadas por España entre 1580–1640 por unión dinástica      

Territorios perdidos en o después de 1717 por la Paz de Utrecht       Marruecos y Sáhara Occidental 1884–1975.

    

The old flag of Spanish Empire

Page 6: Spanish 18th century

SPANISH SOCIETYSPANISH SOCIETY From 8 until 12 From 8 until 12

millions of inhabitantsmillions of inhabitants Inland Spain lost Inland Spain lost

population, coasts population, coasts grew.grew.

90%, peasants90%, peasants, , mainly mainly day laborers,day laborers, a lot of a lot of beggars.beggars.

Urban bourgeoisie, Urban bourgeoisie, minority (civil minority (civil servants, army servants, army officers, craftsmen officers, craftsmen and merchants)and merchants)..

Clergy (privileged), Clergy (privileged), owner of 25% of all owner of 25% of all the lands.the lands.

Nobility (privileged), Nobility (privileged), landownerslandowners..

Page 7: Spanish 18th century

Philip V (1700-1746)Philip V (1700-1746) French, sad and depressive, he missed Versailles French, sad and depressive, he missed Versailles

from La Granja (a copy).from La Granja (a copy). 1724, a short reign of Louis I, his son.1724, a short reign of Louis I, his son. 1707/1716: NUEVA PLANTA DECREES for Aragonese 1707/1716: NUEVA PLANTA DECREES for Aragonese

Crown countries. Aftermath: a centralized Crown countries. Aftermath: a centralized government following Castilian model, a real state government following Castilian model, a real state without customs inside. Spain is divided into without customs inside. Spain is divided into provinces (in front, a major general, not a viceroy).provinces (in front, a major general, not a viceroy).

An absolute monarch, despot but “enlightened”, An absolute monarch, despot but “enlightened”, Parliament (Cortes) won’t be called.Parliament (Cortes) won’t be called.

The king ruled with ministers: Patiño reorganized a The king ruled with ministers: Patiño reorganized a powerful navy.powerful navy.

ForeiForeigngn policy: Spain was stripped of her remaining policy: Spain was stripped of her remaining European dominions in 1714. Spain reconquered European dominions in 1714. Spain reconquered some of her lost Italian possessions from the some of her lost Italian possessions from the Austrians in the 18th century, placing Bourbon Austrians in the 18th century, placing Bourbon princes on the thrones of Parma, Naples, and Sicily. princes on the thrones of Parma, Naples, and Sicily. However, these were not incorporated again into the However, these were not incorporated again into the Spanish Crown. This policy was called “irredentism”.Spanish Crown. This policy was called “irredentism”.

Two Family’s Pacts with France against England.Two Family’s Pacts with France against England.

Page 8: Spanish 18th century

Ferdinand VI (1746-1759)Ferdinand VI (1746-1759) Educated and clever.Educated and clever. The Marquis of Ensenada, his more important minister, The Marquis of Ensenada, his more important minister,

made a lot of public works and reorganized the Treasury to made a lot of public works and reorganized the Treasury to get more taxes. He strengthened the navy, called foreiget more taxes. He strengthened the navy, called foreigngn technicians and scientists and he also ordered to make the technicians and scientists and he also ordered to make the famous cadastre (Catastro), a general report about the famous cadastre (Catastro), a general report about the wealth of the country and the taxpayers.wealth of the country and the taxpayers.

The King Ensenada

Page 9: Spanish 18th century

Charles III (1759-1788)Charles III (1759-1788) A good king, a good major for Madrid, surrounded by A good king, a good major for Madrid, surrounded by

good ministers: Aranda, Floridablanca, Campomanes.good ministers: Aranda, Floridablanca, Campomanes. Former king of Naples and Sicily.Former king of Naples and Sicily. Third Family’s Pact with France (England is already a Third Family’s Pact with France (England is already a

serious threat for the Empire): as a result of the Seven serious threat for the Empire): as a result of the Seven Years’ War, France lost Canada and Spain, Florida. As a Years’ War, France lost Canada and Spain, Florida. As a compensation, France gave Louisiana to Spain.compensation, France gave Louisiana to Spain.

France and Spain supported Americans against British France and Spain supported Americans against British (War of Independence): 1783, Peace of Versailles, Spain (War of Independence): 1783, Peace of Versailles, Spain recovered Florida and Menorca.recovered Florida and Menorca.

INSIDE REFORMS (Enlightened despotism):INSIDE REFORMS (Enlightened despotism):– Sierra Morena colonizationSierra Morena colonization– Royal manufactures (silk, crystal, tapestries, china) Royal manufactures (silk, crystal, tapestries, china)

and cotton mills (Catalonia)and cotton mills (Catalonia)– Free trade among Spanish and American ports, big Free trade among Spanish and American ports, big

shipping companiesshipping companies– New roads and bridgesNew roads and bridges– Canals, as Castile or Imperial onesCanals, as Castile or Imperial ones– Tenants’ expelling from land will be banned, to Tenants’ expelling from land will be banned, to

plough up new lands will not (against Mesta)plough up new lands will not (against Mesta)– New clothes (shorter capes, three point hats). This New clothes (shorter capes, three point hats). This

thing and the wheat’s high cost caused a rebellion thing and the wheat’s high cost caused a rebellion against the minister Esquilache (1766)against the minister Esquilache (1766)

– Jesuits’ expulsion (Indian missions in Paraguay will Jesuits’ expulsion (Indian missions in Paraguay will be abandoned)be abandoned)