Part VI the 18th Century Literature

8/8/2019 Part VI the 18th Century Literature

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English LiteratureEnglish Literature


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The 18th CenturyThe 18th Century

The Age of Enlightenment inThe Age of Enlightenment in

EnglandEngland


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Historical BackgroundHistorical Background

1.The Revolution of 1688.1.The Revolution of 1688.

2.Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the2.Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the

conservative Tories came into being.conservative Tories came into being.However another party also existed, theHowever another party also existed, theJacobites, who aimed to bring the StuartsJacobites, who aimed to bring the Stuartsback to the throne.back to the throne.

3. the rapid development of social life3. the rapid development of social life


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The public movement: the EnlightenmentThe public movement: the Enlightenment

The eighteenthThe eighteenth--century England is also knowncentury England is also knownas the Age of Enlightenment or the Age ofas the Age of Enlightenment or the Age ofReason. The Enlightenment Movement was aReason. The Enlightenment Movement was aprogressive movement which flourished inprogressive movement which flourished inFrance and swept through the whole WesternFrance and swept through the whole Western

Europe at the time.Europe at the time. The Enlightenment was an expression ofThe Enlightenment was an expression of

struggle of the then progressive class ofstruggle of the then progressive class ofbourgeoisie against feudalism. The movementbourgeoisie against feudalism. The movementwas a furtherance of the Renaissance of thewas a furtherance of the Renaissance of thefifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purposefifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purposewas to enlighten the whole world with the lightwas to enlighten the whole world with the lightof modern philosophical and artistic ideas.of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.


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The enlighteners fought against classThe enlighteners fought against classinequality, stagnation, prejudices andinequality, stagnation, prejudices andother survivals of feudalism.other survivals of feudalism.

The enlighteners celebrated reason orThe enlighteners celebrated reason orrationality, equality and science. They heldrationality, equality and science. They heldthat rationality or reason should be thethat rationality or reason should be the

only, the final cause of any humanonly, the final cause of any humanthought and activities. They called for athought and activities. They called for areference to order, reason and rules.reference to order, reason and rules.


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They believed that when reason served as theThey believed that when reason served as theyardstick for the measurement of all humanyardstick for the measurement of all humanactivities and relations, every superstition,activities and relations, every superstition,

injustice and oppression was to yield place toinjustice and oppression was to yield place to"eternal truth", eternal justice" and "natural"eternal truth", eternal justice" and "naturalequality". The enlighteners advocated universalequality". The enlighteners advocated universaleducation. They believed that human beingseducation. They believed that human beings

were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yetwere limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yetcapable of rationality and perfection throughcapable of rationality and perfection througheducation.education.


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the great enlightenersthe great enlighteners

Famous among the great enlighteners inFamous among the great enlighteners inEngland were those great writers are:England were those great writers are:

Alexander PopeAlexander Pope

Joseph AddisonJoseph Addison Sir Richard SteeleSir Richard Steele

Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift

Samuel RichardsonSamuel Richardson

Daniel DefoeDaniel Defoe Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

Samuel JohnsonSamuel Johnson


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LiteratureLiterature

It is an age of prose rather than poetry.It is an age of prose rather than poetry.There are three main divisions:There are three main divisions:

1. the reign of classicism1. the reign of classicism

2. the revival of romantic poetry2. the revival of romantic poetry

3. the beginnings of the modern novels3. the beginnings of the modern novels


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Literal trendsLiteral trends

The novelThe novel

neoclassicismneoclassicism

sentimentalismsentimentalism prepre--romanticismromanticism

Heroic coupletHeroic couplet

The graveyard groupThe graveyard group

Gothic novelGothic novel


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TermsTerms

1.1. NeoclassicismNeoclassicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth

centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony incenturies of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony inliterature. Alexander Pope, John Dryden and Samuel Johnson wereliterature. Alexander Pope, John Dryden and Samuel Johnson weremajor exponents of the neoclassical school.major exponents of the neoclassical school.

It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancientIt found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancientGreek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, etc. and in theGreek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, etc. and in thecontemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot. It put thecontemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot. It put thestress on the classical artistic ideal of order, logic, proportion,stress on the classical artistic ideal of order, logic, proportion,restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.

Homer: Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in WesternHomer: Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Westernliterature, theliterature, the IliadIliad and theand the OdysseyOdyssey, are, areattributed to him.attributed to him.

Virgil: Roman poet. His greatest work is the epic poemVirgil: Roman poet. His greatest work is the epic poem AeneidAeneid,,

which tells of the wanderings of Aeneas after the sackwhich tells of the wanderings of Aeneas after the sackof Troyof Troy.. Horace: Roman lyric poet. HisHorace: Roman lyric poet. His OdesOdes andand SatiresSatires have exerted a major influence on English poetry.have exerted a major influence on English poetry.


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Voltaire : French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize theVoltaire : French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize theAge of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance. HeAge of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance. HewroteCandide (1759) and the Philosophical Dictionary (1764).wroteCandide (1759) and the Philosophical Dictionary (1764).

1759175917641764

Diderot: French philosopher and writer whose supremeDiderot: French philosopher and writer whose supremeaccomplishment was his work on theEncyclopaccomplishment was his work on theEncyclopdie (1751die (1751--1772),1772),which epitomized the spirit of Enlightenment thought. He also wrotewhich epitomized the spirit of Enlightenment thought. He also wrotenovels, plays, critical essays, and brilliant letters to a wide circle ofnovels, plays, critical essays, and brilliant letters to a wide circle offriends and colleagues.friends and colleagues.

(1713(1713--1784)1784)

17511751--177217721818


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NovelNovel

2.2. NovelNovel: a book: a book--length fictional prose narrative, havinglength fictional prose narrative, having

many characters and often a complex plot.many characters and often a complex plot. Character: it is an individual within a literary work.Character: it is an individual within a literary work.

Characters may be complex and well developed (roundCharacters may be complex and well developed (roundcharacter) or undifferentiated and onecharacter) or undifferentiated and one--dimensional (flatdimensional (flatcharacter) .character) .

Protagonist: the central character of a drama, novel,Protagonist: the central character of a drama, novel,short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is theshort story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is thecharacter on whom the action centers and with whomcharacter on whom the action centers and with whomthe reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonistthe reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagoniststrives against an opposing force, or antagonist, tostrives against an opposing force, or antagonist, to

accomplish something.accomplish something. Plot: the sequence of events or actions in a short story,Plot: the sequence of events or actions in a short story,

novel, play or narrative poem.novel, play or narrative poem.


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The Gothic NovelThe Gothic Novel

3.3. The Gothic novelThe Gothic novel: the novel which exploits the: the novel which exploits the

possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy landscapes,possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy landscapes,decaying mansions with dark dungeons, secret passages,decaying mansions with dark dungeons, secret passages,instruments of torture, ghostly visitations ghostly musicinstruments of torture, ghostly visitations ghostly musicbehind which lurks no one knows what as the centralbehind which lurks no one knows what as the centralstory, the persecution of a beautiful maiden by anstory, the persecution of a beautiful maiden by an

obsessed and haggard villain. The real originator ofobsessed and haggard villain. The real originator ofEnglish Gothic novel was Horace Walpole, with hisEnglish Gothic novel was Horace Walpole, with hisfamousfamous Castle of OtrantoCastle of Otranto (1764) .(1764) .

These novels rebel against the increasing commercialismThese novels rebel against the increasing commercialismand rationalism opened up to later fiction the dark,and rationalism opened up to later fiction the dark,

irrational side of human nature.irrational side of human nature.


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Epistolary NovelEpistolary Novel

4.4. Epistolary novelEpistolary novel: a type of nnovel in: a type of nnovel inwhich the narrative is carried on by meanswhich the narrative is carried on by meansof series of letters. Samuel Richardsonof series of letters. Samuel Richardsonss

PamelaPamela (1740) and(1740) and Clarissa HarloweClarissa Harlowe (1748)(1748)are among the best known epistolaryare among the best known epistolarynovels.novels.

It can be classified into two kinds: theIt can be classified into two kinds: themonologue epistolary novel and themonologue epistolary novel and thedialogue epistolary noveldialogue epistolary novel


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SentimentalismSentimentalism

5.5. SentimentalismSentimentalism: is a literal movement in: is a literal movement in

the middle of the 18th century in England whichthe middle of the 18th century in England whichconcentrates on the distressed of the poorconcentrates on the distressed of the poorunfortunate and virtuous people andunfortunate and virtuous people anddemonstrates that effusive emotion wasdemonstrates that effusive emotion wasevidence of kindness and goodness. It revealsevidence of kindness and goodness. It reveals

grief, pains and tears. The representatives aregrief, pains and tears. The representatives areLaurence Sterne who wroteLaurence Sterne who wrote A SentimentalA SentimentalJourney through France and ItalyJourney through France and Italy (1768) and(1768) andOliver Goldsmith who wroteOliver Goldsmith who wrote The Vicar ofThe Vicar ofWakefieldWakefield (1766).(1766).

It came into being as a result of a betterIt came into being as a result of a betterdiscontent on the part of certain enlighteners indiscontent on the part of certain enlighteners insocial reality.social reality.


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PrePre--romanticismromanticism

6.6. PrePre--romanticismromanticism: a literal trend in: a literal trend inthe English literature of the latter half ofthe English literature of the latter half ofthe 18th century which composes thethe 18th century which composes theromance devoted to the medieval times.romance devoted to the medieval times.William Blake and Robert Burns are twoWilliam Blake and Robert Burns are tworepresentatives of prerepresentatives of pre--romanticists.romanticists.


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Daniel DefoeDaniel Defoe

Defoe's "Defoe's "Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe" was one of the forerunners of" was one of the forerunners of

the English realistic novel.the English realistic novel. Adventures of Robinson CrusoeAdventures of Robinson CrusoeThe book is anThe book is an

expression of the bourgeois qualities of individualism andexpression of the bourgeois qualities of individualism andprivate enterprise. Robinson is a new manprivate enterprise. Robinson is a new man -- a man surea man sureof himself and sure of being able to establish himselfof himself and sure of being able to establish himself

anywhere in the world. He is a man of a new age, inanywhere in the world. He is a man of a new age, inwhich doubt and uncertainty are replaced by hope andwhich doubt and uncertainty are replaced by hope andconfidence. Robinson is the enterpriser of his age. He isconfidence. Robinson is the enterpriser of his age. He isready to command nature, his enemy, and to found hisready to command nature, his enemy, and to found hiscolony beyond the seas. He is a merchantcolony beyond the seas. He is a merchant--adventurer,adventurer,interested in material profits. He is a colonist, the empireinterested in material profits. He is a colonist, the empire

builder.builder. Other worksOther worksCaptainSingletonCaptainSingleton,, MollFlandersMollFlanders,, ColonelColonel

JacqueJacque andandRoxanaRoxana. They clearly manifestDefoe's deep. They clearly manifestDefoe's deepconcern forthe poorinhissociety. They are the firstconcern forthe poorinhissociety. They are the firstliterary worksdevotedtothe study ofthe problemsofliterary worksdevotedtothe study ofthe problemsofthe lowerthe lower--classpeople.classpeople.


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Point of viewPoint of view

Defoe was a typical man of the eighteenth centuryDefoe was a typical man of the eighteenth centuryEnglish middle class, hardworking, ingenious, liberal inEnglish middle class, hardworking, ingenious, liberal inmind and advanced in opinion. He valued the Puritanmind and advanced in opinion. He valued the Puritanethic and belied in diligence and selfethic and belied in diligence and self--reliance. All his life,reliance. All his life,he was busy, speculative and active. He, like Robinson,he was busy, speculative and active. He, like Robinson,is a man whose personal pride would never allow him tois a man whose personal pride would never allow him to

belie his own background and class. His works arebelie his own background and class. His works arereflections of the belief, strength, weakness, interest,reflections of the belief, strength, weakness, interest,and morals of the bourgeois middle class to which heand morals of the bourgeois middle class to which hebelonged.belonged.

He was very sympathetic with those poor and lessHe was very sympathetic with those poor and lessfortunate and did everything he could to reach them andfortunate and did everything he could to reach them andhelp them. He was among the first writers ever to givehelp them. He was among the first writers ever to giveconcern to the problems of the social outcast.concern to the problems of the social outcast.


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Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift


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Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift (1667(1667--1745), wrote satires in verse and1745), wrote satires in verse andprose. He is bestprose. He is best--known for the extended prose workknown for the extended prose workGulliver's TravelsGulliver's Travels, in which a fantastic account of a series, in which a fantastic account of a seriesof travels is the vehicle for satirizing familiar Englishof travels is the vehicle for satirizing familiar Englishinstitutions, such as religion, politics and law.institutions, such as religion, politics and law.

Early life and early works :During the time he wrote twoEarly life and early works :During the time he wrote twoworks, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books.works, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books.They were published together in 1704 and made himThey were published together in 1704 and made himwellwell--known as a satirist. A Tale of a Tub is written in theknown as a satirist. A Tale of a Tub is written in theform of a parable. The phrase " a tale of a tub" was aform of a parable. The phrase " a tale of a tub" was a

17th century slang for a joke, a hoax, an idle discourse.17th century slang for a joke, a hoax, an idle discourse. The Battle of BooksThe Battle of Books is mainly an attack on pedantry inis mainly an attack on pedantry in

literary world of the time. The two works established hisliterary world of the time. The two works established hisname as a satirist.name as a satirist.


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Pamphlets on IrelandPamphlets on Ireland

Swift's pamphlets on Ireland form a very important partSwift's pamphlets on Ireland form a very important partof his works. They have now become part of classicof his works. They have now become part of classicEnglish literature. Swift's life in Ireland gave him anEnglish literature. Swift's life in Ireland gave him an

intimate knowledge of the miserable condition of theintimate knowledge of the miserable condition of theIrish people. Two of the most famous ones are "Irish people. Two of the most famous ones are "TheTheDraper's LettersDraper's Letters(1724) and "(1724) and "A ModestProposalA ModestProposal(1730).(1730).Gulliver'sTravels(1726),Gulliver'sTravels(1726), asa whole, isone ofthe mostasa whole, isone ofthe mosteffective and devastating criticismsand satiresof alleffective and devastating criticismsand satiresof all

aspectsin the then English and European lifeaspectsin the then English and European life -- socially,socially,politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, andpolitically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, andmorally. Itssocialsignificance isgreatand itsexplorationmorally. Itssocialsignificance isgreatand itsexplorationintohuman nature profound.intohuman nature profound.


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AnalysisAnalysis

Swift is one of the greatest writers of satiricSwift is one of the greatest writers of satiricprose. No reader of his can escape beingprose. No reader of his can escape beingimpressed by the great simplicity, directness andimpressed by the great simplicity, directness andvigor of his style.vigor of his style.

Easy, clear, simple and concrete diction,Easy, clear, simple and concrete diction,

uncomplicated syntax, economy and concisenessuncomplicated syntax, economy and concisenessof language mark all his writings. Seldom isof language mark all his writings. Seldom isthere ornament or singularity of any kind. Histhere ornament or singularity of any kind. Hissimplicities, more often than not, as asimplicities, more often than not, as acamouflage for insidious intentions, for bigcamouflage for insidious intentions, for big

serious matters,, and an outward earnestness,serious matters,, and an outward earnestness,simplicity, innocence and an apparently coldsimplicity, innocence and an apparently coldimpartial tone render his satire all the moreimpartial tone render his satire all the morepowerful and effective.powerful and effective.


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It is a book simple enough for a child, and yetIt is a book simple enough for a child, and yetcomplex enough to carry an adult beyond hiscomplex enough to carry an adult beyond hisdepth. It is a satire on the 18th century englishdepth. It is a satire on the 18th century englishsociety, touching upon the political, religious,society, touching upon the political, religious,

legal, military, scientific, philosophical as well aslegal, military, scientific, philosophical as well asliterary institutions, about almost every aspect ofliterary institutions, about almost every aspect ofthe society. Bitterly satirical, the book takethe society. Bitterly satirical, the book takegreat pains to bring to light the wickedness ofgreat pains to bring to light the wickedness ofthe then English society, with its tyranny, itsthe then English society, with its tyranny, its

political intrigues and corruption, its aggressivepolitical intrigues and corruption, its aggressivewars and colonialism, its religious disputes andwars and colonialism, its religious disputes andpersecution, and its ruthless oppression andpersecution, and its ruthless oppression andexploitation of the common people.exploitation of the common people.


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Some narrative featuresSome narrative features

The novel is a fantasy ad a realistic workThe novel is a fantasy ad a realistic workof fiction. The language, as is typical of allof fiction. The language, as is typical of allSwiftSwifts works, is very simple, unadorned,s works, is very simple, unadorned,straightforward and effective. It is notedstraightforward and effective. It is noted

for its exceptionally tidy structuralfor its exceptionally tidy structuralarrangement. The four seeminglyarrangement. The four seeminglyindependent parts are linked up by theindependent parts are linked up by the

central idea of social satire and make upcentral idea of social satire and make upan organic whole.an organic whole.


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Some commentsSome comments

While social exposure and satire of the book isWhile social exposure and satire of the book isgenerally acknowledged, there have been greatgenerally acknowledged, there have been greatcontroversies over its deeper intention,controversies over its deeper intention,

especially with Part Four, What sort of thing isespecially with Part Four, What sort of thing isman? This is certainly the central question to theman? This is certainly the central question to thebook. Some people are shocked by its openbook. Some people are shocked by its openbluntbluntnegativenessnegativeness towards human beings,towards human beings,others feel satisfied with its religious implicationothers feel satisfied with its religious implication

that, man in his development from primitivethat, man in his development from primitiveforms of life, has achieved only a very limitedforms of life, has achieved only a very limitedrationality and morality.rationality and morality.


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Samuel Richardson(1689Samuel Richardson(1689----1761)1761)

The accidental beginning of his literary careerThe accidental beginning of his literary careercame in 1739 when, at the age of 51,came in 1739 when, at the age of 51,Richardson was asked by two bookseller friendsRichardson was asked by two bookseller friends

to compile a volume of model letters for peopleto compile a volume of model letters for peoplewithout much formal education to practice inwithout much formal education to practice intheir correspondence. Richardson intended thattheir correspondence. Richardson intended thathis manual should not only teach people how tohis manual should not only teach people how towrite letters but also be morally instructive. Hewrite letters but also be morally instructive. He

was duly rewarded for his kindness and the painwas duly rewarded for his kindness and the painhe had taken for the composition of suchhe had taken for the composition of suchmoving letters.moving letters.


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His works:His works: PamelaPamela(1740(1740--1741)1741) Or (Or (Virtue Rewarded, inaSeries of FamiliarVirtue Rewarded, inaSeries of Familiar

Letters fromaBeautifulYoungDamselto HerLetters fromaBeautifulYoungDamselto HerParentsParents)) ClarissaHarloweClarissaHarlowe (1747)(1747) Or:Or: Virtue TriumphantVirtue Triumphant Sir Charles GrandisonSir Charles Grandison(1753(1753--1754)1754)

He wrote only three novels,all inepistolary form.He wrote only three novels,all inepistolary form.


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Henry Fielding(1707Henry Fielding(1707----1754)1754)

Fielding was a man of extraordinary vitality andFielding was a man of extraordinary vitality andcapacity. He was a dramatist, an essayist and acapacity. He was a dramatist, an essayist and anovelist. His fame is established chiefly upon hisnovelist. His fame is established chiefly upon his

success as a novelist. Joseph Andrews (1742),success as a novelist. Joseph Andrews (1742),his first novel .his first novel .

The History of Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)The History of Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)

The History of Tome Jones, A Foundling (1749) ,The History of Tome Jones, A Foundling (1749) ,his masterpiece.his masterpiece.


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In both theory and practice, Fielding establishesIn both theory and practice, Fielding establishesonce and for all the from of the English novel.once and for all the from of the English novel.He has held a unique position in the history ofHe has held a unique position in the history of

English literature by being called theEnglish literature by being called the father offather ofthe English novelthe English novel, for his contribution to the, for his contribution to theestablishment of the form of modern novel.establishment of the form of modern novel.Fielding set up the theory of realism in literaryFielding set up the theory of realism in literary

creation. He wrote specifically "comic epic increation. He wrote specifically "comic epic inprose", the first to give the modern novel itsprose", the first to give the modern novel itsstructure and style.structure and style.


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Before him, the relating of a story in a novel wasBefore him, the relating of a story in a novel waseither in the epistolary form (a series of letters)either in the epistolary form (a series of letters)as in Richardson'sas in Richardson's PamelaPamela, or the picaresque, or the picaresque

form (adventurous wanderings ) through theform (adventurous wanderings ) through themouth of the principal character, as in Defoe'smouth of the principal character, as in Defoe'sRobinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe, but Fielding adopted "the, but Fielding adopted "thethirdthird--person narration". In planning his stories,person narration". In planning his stories,he tries to retain the grand epical form of thehe tries to retain the grand epical form of the

classical works but at the same time keepsclassical works but at the same time keepsfaithful to his realistic presentation of thefaithful to his realistic presentation of thecommon life as it is.common life as it is.


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Tome JonesTome Jones

As one of the pioneers of English realisticAs one of the pioneers of English realisticliterature, Fielding portrays the real life of menliterature, Fielding portrays the real life of menwithout disguise. He exposes the hypocrisy andwithout disguise. He exposes the hypocrisy and

depravity of the ruling class, and pictures thedepravity of the ruling class, and pictures thepoverty of the working masses who are drivenpoverty of the working masses who are drivenby want to crime. For a time, Tom became aby want to crime. For a time, Tom became anational hero. People were fond of this youngnational hero. People were fond of this youngfellow with manly virtues and yet not withoutfellow with manly virtues and yet not without

fault. The fullfault. The full--blooded characters are realisticallyblooded characters are realisticallydepicted in brilliant, witty and highly artisticdepicted in brilliant, witty and highly artisticlanguage.language.


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Sophia was Fielding's ideal of what anSophia was Fielding's ideal of what anamiable English girl should be. But he didamiable English girl should be. But he didnot make her "perfectly perfect'. Thoughnot make her "perfectly perfect'. Thoughvery sweetvery sweet--tempered, she can flame uptempered, she can flame upinto an angry passion on occasions. Sheinto an angry passion on occasions. Shehas also a little vanity which causes her tohas also a little vanity which causes her to

toy with the idea of playing the part of atoy with the idea of playing the part of atragic heroine, sacrificing herself to hertragic heroine, sacrificing herself to herfather's wishes.father's wishes.


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William Blake(1757William Blake(1757----1827)1827)

His life story (Page 283His life story (Page 283--284)284)

His position in English literature: theHis position in English literature: therepresentative of prerepresentative of pre--romanticist.romanticist.

His main works:His main works:

Songs of Innocence (1789)Songs of Innocence (1789)

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790)The Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790)

Songs of Experience (1794)Songs of Experience (1794)

Appreciate the poemAppreciate the poem LondonLondon on P.287


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Robert Burns(1759Robert Burns(1759----1796)1796)

His life story (P.P 290His life story (P.P 290----293)293)

The greatest of the 18th century ScotsThe greatest of the 18th century Scotspoet.poet.

His works:His works:

Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish DialectPoems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect

The Tree of LibertyThe Tree of Liberty

My HeartMy Hearts in the Highland (Page 294)s in the Highland (Page 294)

A Red, Red Rose (Page 295)A Red, Red Rose (Page 295)

Documents

Part VI the 18th Century Literature