Notes for Chapter 1: Organization of the Body Name _________________
SECTION 1.1 - The Human Body
1. Anatomy- branch of science dealing with form & structure of body parts
2. Physiology-the study of body functions
3. Pathophysiology-the functional changes that occur from a particular disease or process.
Organization of Body Parts
atom molecule macromoleculeorganelle cells tissuesorgan organ system organism
SECTION 1.2 – Anatomical Terms1. Anatomical position- standing erect, with face forward, arms at sides, palms and toes directed forward.
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Directional Terms +Anterior (ventral)- Pertaining to the front+Posterior (dorsal)- Toward the back
+Superficial (external)- Near the surface+Deep (internal)- Located away from the surface of the body or an organ
+Superior- Toward the upper part+Inferior- Situated below something else
+Central- Situated at the center of the body or organ+Peripheral- Situated away from the center of the body
+Medial- Toward or near midline+Lateral- Pertaining to the side
+Ipsilateral- Located on the same side of the body+Contralateral- Structures located on opposite sides of the body
+Proximal- Closer to the midline+Distal- Further from midline
Regions of the BodyTwo Portions1. Axial- includes head, neck, spinal column, and ribs2. Appendicular- includes the upper and lower limbs
Terms for body parts and areas
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Planes and Sections of the Body
The Planes1.Frontal (coronal)- Plane that divides a structure lengthwise into anterior & posterior positions
2.Sagittal (median)- Plane that divides a structure into right & left portions
3.Transverse(horizontal)- Plane that divides a structure horizontally
Types of Tissue Sections
-Cut along the longest direction of an organ
-Cut perpendicular to the length of an organ
-Cut at an angle between a longitudinal and cross section
SECTION 1.3 – Body Cavities and Membranes
Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity1. Cranial cavity- contains brain2. Vertebral cavity- contains the spinal cord3. Meninges- three membranous layers that line the posterior cavity4. Cerebrospinal fluid- liquid that supports the brain and spinal cord
Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity1. Thoracic cavity- contains heart and lungs, and other organs2. Abdominopelvic cavity- contains stomach, intestines, and other organs3. Diaphragm- muscular partition that separates both cavities4. Serous membranes- line the anterior cavity and contain serous fluid that reduces friction organs and the body wall5. Parietal serous membrane-covers the inner body wall6. Visceral serous membrane-inner layer covering an organ
Body wall → parietal serous membrane → serous fluid → visceral serous membrane → organ
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Body Cavities
---Thoracic Cavity 1. Enclosed by the ribcages and divided into three parts: left, right, and medial2. Mediastinum- medial portion that contains heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures heart→ visceral pericardium→ pericardial cavity (pericardial fluid) → 3. Lungs are located in right and left portions lung→ visceral pleura → pleural cavity (pleural fluid) → parietal pleura
---Abdominopelvic Cavity 1. Two parts- superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity2. Abdomen contains stomach, spleen, intestines, and other organs Intestines visceral peritoneum peritoneal fluid parietal peritoneum3. Pelvic contains- bladder, internal reproductive organs, rectum, and lower large intestines4. Descriptions of abdominopelvic cavity can be done based on 9 regions or 4 quadrants
Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants4
Medical Focus: Meningitis and Serositis1.The suffix –ITIS means inflammation that may or may not be related to an infection.2. Meningitis- inflammation of meninges3.Pericarditis- inflammation of pericardium4.Peritonitis- inflammation of peritoneum.
SECTION 1.4- Organ Systems
The following are the categories of organ systems.
Support, movement, and protection
Integration and coordination
Maintenance of the body
Reproduction and development
+Integumentary+Skeletal
+Muscular
+Nervous+Sensory (part of
Nervous)+Endocrine
+Cardiovascular+Lymphatic+Respiratory+Digestive+Urinary
+Reproductive
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SECTION 1.5-Homeostasis
1. Homeostasis- relative stability of the body’s internal environmenta. Most systems fluctuate around in a range, for example human body temperature is around 98.6 °F
Negative Feedback1. Negative feedback- process that keeps a variable close to a particular value or set point
Overview of Negative Feedback
Stimulus / Sensor Control Center Response / Effect
2. The thermostats in your house works as a negative feedback mechanism. One loop causes the furnace to turn off when it gets too hot. The other loop causes the furnace to turn on when it is too cold.
Human Examples of Negative Feedback1. Temperature a. When the body gets too hot signals are sent out to cause skin blood vessels to dilate (open wider) and sweat glands are activated. These allow the body to cool off. b. When the body gets too cold signals are sent out to constrict skin blood vessels. If temperature drops even further then shivering (shaking of skeletal muscles may occur)2. Blood Pressure
Positive Feedback
1. Positive feedback- process by which changes cause more changes of a similar type, producing unstable conditions
2. Example of positive feedback: blood clotting, stomach digestion, and childbirth
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Negative Feedback – Body Temperature Positive Feedback – Birth and Blood Clotting
Homeostasis and Body Systems – will cover in detail in each unit
Medical Focus: Imaging the Body
1. X-ray- used to see bone very well, need dye to see soft tissues well
2. CT Scan or Cat scan (Computed tomography)- uses a computer to create a series of cross section pictures.
3. PET (positron emission tomography)- use radioactive labeled compounds to examine functions and structure.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)- uses magnets to see soft tissues up very well
5. Ultrasound- uses sound waves to visualize soft tissue and bones.
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Disease
1. Disease- when the body no longer functions properly and homeostasis fails.
2. Local disease- more or less restricted to a specific body part
3. Systemic disease- affects the entire body or involves multiple organs
4. Acute disease- occurs suddenly and usually lasts a short time
5. Chronic disease- tends to be less severe, develops slowly, and are long term
VOCABULARY
Basic Key Terms
1.Abdominal Cavity*: Portion of the body between the diaphragm &pelvis
2.Abdominopelvic Cavity: Pertaining to the abdominal & pelvic regions
3.Anatomical Position: Body position in which the person is erect
4.Anatomy*: Branch of science dealing with form & structure of body parts
5.Anterior*: Pertaining to the front
6.Appendicular Portion*: Pertaining to the upper limbs and lower limbs
7.Atoms: Smallest unit of matter
8.Axial Portion*: Pertaining to the body's axis
9.Cells: Structural & functional unit of an organism. (performs all functions necessary for life)
10.Central: Situated at the center of the body or organ
11.Contralateral*: Structures located on opposite sides of the body
12.Cranial Cavity: Hollow space in cranium contains the brain
13.Deep: Located away from the surface of the body or an organ
14.Diaphragm: Sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
(birth control device)
15.Distal*: Further from midline; opposite of proximal
16.Fibrous Pericardium: External layer of the pericardium
17.Frontal Plane*: Plane that divides a structure lengthwise into anterior & posterior positions
18.Homeostasis*: Constancy of condition
19.Inferior*: Situated below something else
20.Ipsilateral*: Located on the same side of the body
21.Lateral*: Pertaining to the side
22.Macromolecules: Large molecule composed of smaller molecules
23.Medial*: Toward or near midline
24.Mediastinum: Tissue mass located between the lungs
25.Meninges: protective membranous coverings around brain and spinal cord
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26.Molecules: Smallest quantity of a substance that retains its chemical properties
27.Negative Feedback*: Mechanism that is activated by a surplus imbalance & acts to correct it by stopping the
process
28.Organ: consisting of a group of tissues that perform a special function
29.Organelles: Part of a cell that performs a special function
30.Organism: Individual living thing
31.Organ System: Group of related organs working together
32.Parietal Pericardium: Outer layer of the two layers of serous pericardium
33.Parietal Peritoneum: Lines the abdominal & pelvic walls
34.Parietal Pleurae: Membrane that lines the inner wall of thoracic cavity
35.Parietal Serous Membrane: Covers the inner body wall
36.Pelvic Cavity*: Hollow place withing the ring formed by the sacrum & coxal bones
37.Pericardial Cavity*: Cavity around the heart created by the pericardial sac
38.Peripheral: Situated away from the center of the body
39.peritoneum: Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic and enlcoses the abdominal viscera
40.Physiology*: Study of body functions
41.Pleurae*: Membrane that covers the lungs & lines the wall of the chest & diaphragm
42.Positive Feedback*: Process by which changes cause more changes of a similar type (produces unstable
conditions)
43.Posterior*: Toward the back
44.Proximal*: Closer to the midline
45.Sagittal Plane*: Plane that divides a structure into right & left portions
46.Scrotum: Pouch of skin that covers the testes
47.Serous Fluid: Fluid found in space between visceral & parietal pleura
48.Serous Membrane: Membrane that covers internal organs & lines cavities lacking an opening to outside of
the body
49.Serum: Light yellow fluid left after clotting of the blood
50.Superficial: Near the surface
51.Superior*: Toward the upper part
52.Thoracic Cavity*: Hollow place within the chest
53.Tissue: Group of similar cells that perform a special function
54.Transverse Plane*: Plane that divides a structure horizontally
55.Vertebral Canal: Hollow place within the vertebrae containing the spinal cord
56.Viscera: Pertaining to contents of a body cavity
57.Visceral Pericardium: Outer most tissue layer of the heart
58.Visceral Peritoneum: Membrane that covers the surface of an organ within abdominal cavity
59.Visceral Pleura: Covers the surface of the lungs
60.Visceral Serous Membrane: Serous membrane that covers the surface of an organ9
Clinical Key Terms
1.Acute Disease: Sudden in onset, severe2.Chronic Disease: Long & continued but not acute3.Disease: Abnormal condition considered harmful to the body4.Local Disease: Disease that is confined to a particular area of the body5.Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges around the brain & spinal cord6.Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium7.Peritonitis: Generalized infection of the lining of the abdominal cavity8.Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura9.Serositis: Inflammation of the serous membrane10.Systemic Disease: Illness that involves the entire body
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