Notes for Chapter 1: Organization of the Body Name _________________

SECTION 1.1 - The Human Body

1. Anatomy- branch of science dealing with form & structure of body parts

2. Physiology-the study of body functions

3. Pathophysiology-the functional changes that occur from a particular disease or process.

Organization of Body Parts

atom molecule macromoleculeorganelle cells tissuesorgan organ system organism

SECTION 1.2 – Anatomical Terms1. Anatomical position- standing erect, with face forward, arms at sides, palms and toes directed forward.

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Directional Terms +Anterior (ventral)- Pertaining to the front+Posterior (dorsal)- Toward the back

+Superficial (external)- Near the surface+Deep (internal)- Located away from the surface of the body or an organ

+Superior- Toward the upper part+Inferior- Situated below something else

+Central- Situated at the center of the body or organ+Peripheral- Situated away from the center of the body

+Medial- Toward or near midline+Lateral- Pertaining to the side

+Ipsilateral- Located on the same side of the body+Contralateral- Structures located on opposite sides of the body

+Proximal- Closer to the midline+Distal- Further from midline

Regions of the BodyTwo Portions1. Axial- includes head, neck, spinal column, and ribs2. Appendicular- includes the upper and lower limbs

Terms for body parts and areas

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Planes and Sections of the Body

The Planes1.Frontal (coronal)- Plane that divides a structure lengthwise into anterior & posterior positions

2.Sagittal (median)- Plane that divides a structure into right & left portions

3.Transverse(horizontal)- Plane that divides a structure horizontally

Types of Tissue Sections

-Cut along the longest direction of an organ

-Cut perpendicular to the length of an organ

-Cut at an angle between a longitudinal and cross section

SECTION 1.3 – Body Cavities and Membranes

Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity1. Cranial cavity- contains brain2. Vertebral cavity- contains the spinal cord3. Meninges- three membranous layers that line the posterior cavity4. Cerebrospinal fluid- liquid that supports the brain and spinal cord

Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity1. Thoracic cavity- contains heart and lungs, and other organs2. Abdominopelvic cavity- contains stomach, intestines, and other organs3. Diaphragm- muscular partition that separates both cavities4. Serous membranes- line the anterior cavity and contain serous fluid that reduces friction organs and the body wall5. Parietal serous membrane-covers the inner body wall6. Visceral serous membrane-inner layer covering an organ

Body wall → parietal serous membrane →  serous fluid → visceral serous membrane → organ

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Body Cavities

---Thoracic Cavity 1. Enclosed by the ribcages and divided into three parts: left, right, and medial2. Mediastinum- medial portion that contains heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures heart→ visceral pericardium→ pericardial cavity (pericardial fluid) → 3. Lungs are located in right and left portions lung→ visceral pleura → pleural cavity (pleural fluid) → parietal pleura

---Abdominopelvic Cavity 1. Two parts- superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity2. Abdomen contains stomach, spleen, intestines, and other organs Intestines visceral peritoneum peritoneal fluid parietal peritoneum3. Pelvic contains- bladder, internal reproductive organs, rectum, and lower large intestines4. Descriptions of abdominopelvic cavity can be done based on 9 regions or 4 quadrants

Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants4

Medical Focus: Meningitis and Serositis1.The suffix –ITIS means inflammation that may or may not be related to an infection.2. Meningitis- inflammation of meninges3.Pericarditis- inflammation of pericardium4.Peritonitis- inflammation of peritoneum.

SECTION 1.4- Organ Systems

The following are the categories of organ systems.

Support, movement, and protection

Integration and coordination

Maintenance of the body

Reproduction and development

+Integumentary+Skeletal

+Muscular

+Nervous+Sensory (part of

Nervous)+Endocrine

+Cardiovascular+Lymphatic+Respiratory+Digestive+Urinary

+Reproductive

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SECTION 1.5-Homeostasis

1. Homeostasis- relative stability of the body’s internal environmenta. Most systems fluctuate around in a range, for example human body temperature is around 98.6 °F

Negative Feedback1. Negative feedback- process that keeps a variable close to a particular value or set point

Overview of Negative Feedback

Stimulus / Sensor Control Center Response / Effect

2. The thermostats in your house works as a negative feedback mechanism. One loop causes the furnace to turn off when it gets too hot. The other loop causes the furnace to turn on when it is too cold.

Human Examples of Negative Feedback1. Temperature a. When the body gets too hot signals are sent out to cause skin blood vessels to dilate (open wider) and sweat glands are activated. These allow the body to cool off. b. When the body gets too cold signals are sent out to constrict skin blood vessels. If temperature drops even further then shivering (shaking of skeletal muscles may occur)2. Blood Pressure

Positive Feedback

1. Positive feedback- process by which changes cause more changes of a similar type, producing unstable conditions

2. Example of positive feedback: blood clotting, stomach digestion, and childbirth

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Negative Feedback – Body Temperature Positive Feedback – Birth and Blood Clotting

Homeostasis and Body Systems – will cover in detail in each unit

Medical Focus: Imaging the Body

1. X-ray- used to see bone very well, need dye to see soft tissues well

2. CT Scan or Cat scan (Computed tomography)- uses a computer to create a series of cross section pictures.

3. PET (positron emission tomography)- use radioactive labeled compounds to examine functions and structure.

4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)- uses magnets to see soft tissues up very well

5. Ultrasound- uses sound waves to visualize soft tissue and bones.

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Disease

1. Disease- when the body no longer functions properly and homeostasis fails.

2. Local disease- more or less restricted to a specific body part

3. Systemic disease- affects the entire body or involves multiple organs

4. Acute disease- occurs suddenly and usually lasts a short time

5. Chronic disease- tends to be less severe, develops slowly, and are long term

VOCABULARY

Basic Key Terms

1.Abdominal Cavity*: Portion of the body between the diaphragm &pelvis

2.Abdominopelvic Cavity: Pertaining to the abdominal & pelvic regions

3.Anatomical Position: Body position in which the person is erect

4.Anatomy*: Branch of science dealing with form & structure of body parts

5.Anterior*: Pertaining to the front

6.Appendicular Portion*: Pertaining to the upper limbs and lower limbs

7.Atoms: Smallest unit of matter

8.Axial Portion*: Pertaining to the body's axis

9.Cells: Structural & functional unit of an organism. (performs all functions necessary for life)

10.Central: Situated at the center of the body or organ

11.Contralateral*: Structures located on opposite sides of the body

12.Cranial Cavity: Hollow space in cranium contains the brain

13.Deep: Located away from the surface of the body or an organ

14.Diaphragm: Sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

(birth control device)

15.Distal*: Further from midline; opposite of proximal

16.Fibrous Pericardium: External layer of the pericardium

17.Frontal Plane*: Plane that divides a structure lengthwise into anterior & posterior positions

18.Homeostasis*: Constancy of condition

19.Inferior*: Situated below something else

20.Ipsilateral*: Located on the same side of the body

21.Lateral*: Pertaining to the side

22.Macromolecules: Large molecule composed of smaller molecules

23.Medial*: Toward or near midline

24.Mediastinum: Tissue mass located between the lungs

25.Meninges: protective membranous coverings around brain and spinal cord

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26.Molecules: Smallest quantity of a substance that retains its chemical properties

27.Negative Feedback*: Mechanism that is activated by a surplus imbalance & acts to correct it by stopping the

process

28.Organ: consisting of a group of tissues that perform a special function

29.Organelles: Part of a cell that performs a special function

30.Organism: Individual living thing

31.Organ System: Group of related organs working together

32.Parietal Pericardium: Outer layer of the two layers of serous pericardium

33.Parietal Peritoneum: Lines the abdominal & pelvic walls

34.Parietal Pleurae: Membrane that lines the inner wall of thoracic cavity

35.Parietal Serous Membrane: Covers the inner body wall

36.Pelvic Cavity*: Hollow place withing the ring formed by the sacrum & coxal bones

37.Pericardial Cavity*: Cavity around the heart created by the pericardial sac

38.Peripheral: Situated away from the center of the body

39.peritoneum: Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic and enlcoses the abdominal viscera

40.Physiology*: Study of body functions

41.Pleurae*: Membrane that covers the lungs & lines the wall of the chest & diaphragm

42.Positive Feedback*: Process by which changes cause more changes of a similar type (produces unstable

conditions)

43.Posterior*: Toward the back

44.Proximal*: Closer to the midline

45.Sagittal Plane*: Plane that divides a structure into right & left portions

46.Scrotum: Pouch of skin that covers the testes

47.Serous Fluid: Fluid found in space between visceral & parietal pleura

48.Serous Membrane: Membrane that covers internal organs & lines cavities lacking an opening to outside of

the body

49.Serum: Light yellow fluid left after clotting of the blood

50.Superficial: Near the surface

51.Superior*: Toward the upper part

52.Thoracic Cavity*: Hollow place within the chest

53.Tissue: Group of similar cells that perform a special function

54.Transverse Plane*: Plane that divides a structure horizontally

55.Vertebral Canal: Hollow place within the vertebrae containing the spinal cord

56.Viscera: Pertaining to contents of a body cavity

57.Visceral Pericardium: Outer most tissue layer of the heart

58.Visceral Peritoneum: Membrane that covers the surface of an organ within abdominal cavity

59.Visceral Pleura: Covers the surface of the lungs

60.Visceral Serous Membrane: Serous membrane that covers the surface of an organ9

Clinical Key Terms

1.Acute Disease: Sudden in onset, severe2.Chronic Disease: Long & continued but not acute3.Disease: Abnormal condition considered harmful to the body4.Local Disease: Disease that is confined to a particular area of the body5.Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges around the brain & spinal cord6.Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium7.Peritonitis: Generalized infection of the lining of the abdominal cavity8.Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura9.Serositis: Inflammation of the serous membrane10.Systemic Disease: Illness that involves the entire body

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