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GREEN LINE POWER PVT LTD PONDICHER
Created and calculated By M SIV
Design of solar paraboliclength of collector 3.6576
Aperture(w) 2.45
Concentration ratio 16
51.3296
Outer diameter of tube 0.047731
Efective aperture area (W-Do)L
Absorber tube area 3.145*Do *
Absorber innerdiameter
Glass cover Outer diameter
Glass cover Inner diameter
Specular reflectivity of concentrator surface
Glass cover transmissivity for solar radiation
Glass cover emissivity/absorptivity
Absorber tube emissivity/absorptivity
Intercept factor
Date
Time
Hourly beam radiation
Hourly global radiationAmbiant Temperature
wind speed
Mass flow rate of Thermic fluid
Inlet Temperature
LAT()
Angle of incidence @ April 15 () 105 th day
Hour angle ()
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Slope of apture plane()
Angle of incidence
Properties of Thermic fluidMean fluid Temperature
Density
Specific heat capacity
Kinamatic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Average velocity
Reynolds number
Prandtl number
Tape twist ratio
Nusselt number
Heat Transfer coefficient
Colletor heat removal factor
Assume Overall heat transfer coefficeColletor heat removal factor
Heat removal factor
Concentration ratio
Beam Radiation
Absorbed flux
Usefull heat gain rate
Rate of heat loss
Avarage Temperature of absorber Tube
Calulate "U" CORRESPONDING TO THIS VALUE OF
Assume Temperature attained
Mean Temperature of air between tube andAt this Temperature properties
Thermal conductivity
Kinamatic viscosity
Prandel number
Radial gap
Rynolds number
Ambient air temperatureEffective thermal conductivity 0.159776
Convective heat transfer coefficent absorbeMean temperature of air between the cover and ambient
Properties of air
Thermal conductivity
Kinamatic viscosity
Rynolds number
Nusult number
Heat transfer coefficent outside su
Overall heat coefficent
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Sky Temperature
AND
The two values of q/l match wiwhich also matches the original guess
Equating heat gained by the fluid t
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RY
RAMAKRISHNAIAHMTech Thermal Engineering
rough collector(Tracking Mode 11) Glass Tubem 12 ft
m 8.038057743 ft
m 47.73074405 mm
8.786540031 m
L 0.549158752 m^2
0.0381 m
0.063 m
0.056 m
0.85
0.85
0.88
0.95
0.95
15-Apr
1230 h 12.5 LAT
705 w/m^2
949 w/m^230 C
5.3 m/s
0.0986 kg/s
150 C
11.92 Deg
9.414893347 Deg
16.94418733 -7.5
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9.494661091
250 C
750.3 kg/m^3
2.449 kj/kg
2.45E-06 m^2/s
0.119 w/m k
0.115119399 m/s
1.79E+03
37.83056735
4
6.14E+01
191.9093915 w/m^2 K
t 13.1 w/m^2 k 13.50.919010067
0.906166031
16
0.993319235
467.8641299 W/m^2
2919.005206 W
1191.901701 W
190.7713882 C
pm and show that it is equal to the assumed value.
by the cover 78.5 C
Cover 134.6356941 C
0.03526 w/m k
2.45E-05 m^2/s
0.7
0.004134628
2.22E+02
300 K0.446059798 3.86E+00 0.542577
tube and the glass cover(hp-c) 5.017233929 w/m k325.75 K
0.027 w/m k
1.60E-05 m^2/s
1.58E+04
6.83E+01
rface of cover(hw) 29.2746592 W/m^2 K
310.3233894 w/m
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294 K
323.2741804 w/m
th each other.the corresponding value of "U" 13.39247 w/m^2
the useful heat gain rate(Exit Temperature) 162.08841 C
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0.156597
38.1 mm
63 mm
56 mm
303 K
Deg 0.991445 Deg
Aperture area
Outer Diameter
rim angle
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1 Radiation loss from Glass to sky
2 Covective loss fromm the galss to atmospher
w/m^2 K
463.7714 K
351.5 K
407.6357 K
27 C
52.75 C
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21 C
k
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Principle and operation:
A linear solar fresnel solar plant uses an array of single axis,
The compact linear fresnel solar power system, however, u
as in the solar parabolic trough system.This type of system
linear solar fresnel system heat water to produce steam at
avoiding the need for a heat exchanger to produce steam f
Advantages1 Main advantages of linear Fresnel are its lower investment
2 The struture also has a low profile,with mirrirs just one or t
3 Linear Fresnel collectors also make more efficient use of la
The collectors also easier to maintain since they have fewe
4 The three leading versions of linear Fresnel technology gen
5 Linear fresnel technology costs between 50 to 60% of cost
6 A linear solar fresnel solar plant can be hybridized with fos
7 The absorber tube is simpler and less expensive than that o
Disadvantages1 A linear solar fresnel solar plant doesn't produce a fluid te
so its thermal efficiency for conversion of solar power to el
Design and arrangement of mirrors
The linear Fresnel collector concepts uses a number of rows of relative
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Axis Tracking mirrors that concentration the radiation on a linear recei
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As per above pictures How to adjest mirrors and receiver tubes in cor
For this we will use ray Trace simula
will use for o
Large numbe
The direction
Reflecting ray follows the priciple that t
Tracking angle of the ith reflecctor calc
= ( - )/2
Single Axis tracking about the polar axis approaches with in 4% the rad
Tracking about East-west horizantal axis
Take Example of one day rays angles calculations:
Date
Time
Hourly beam radiation
Hourly global radiation
Ambiant Temperature
wind speed
Inlet Temperature
LAT()
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Angle of incidence @ April 15 ()
Hour angle ()
Slope of apture plane()
Tracking about East-We
Fresnel mostly convex shaped mirro
Parabolic concentrators is the uniqu
In this system we will adopted cylindrical mirro
the Focal length "f" of the mirror,and Tracking
The radius of curvature we are gand for focal length the distence fro
Radius of curvature for mir
ri =
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East-West orientation
possibly the most complex tracking. The angle
During the winter, the mirrors tilt down toward
(the plane of the sun's motion is co-incident wit
This tracking will likely need to be accomplishe
The North-South orientation is similar to the polar orientation, but m
with the shallowness of the suns an
Since we do not wish to tilt the arra
Also, the reflectors move between
and a total daily loss of the integral
One Example
Mirror arrangement
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Glass mirrors
As far as curvature goes, there are s
there are geometric limitations to a
Our best results for curvature wher
about seven inches of unconcentrat
image sizes of about 3 inches were
the limits of concentration1 As light travels down different angle
at another angle it will be out of foc
2 At twice the focal distance (%100 o
3 In an east-west axis system, the sun
the extra path length of Square root
The best achievable theoretical fix
This corresponds to a maximum con
since the sine changes quickly arou
A north south axis orientation will exp
Examples of Fresnel power plants:
1 Novatec
2
Kimberlina
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Ausra
Liddell powe
Carrizo Ener
http://www.novatec-biosol.eu/inde
http://www.ausra.com/technology
Example:
Apture area
Average solar radiation f
Average sunlight availab
Total Energy out put Ap
With 65% concentration
Example:
Water flows inside of re
passing through the tub
Inner diameter of tube
water velocity
Tube wall temperature
Inlet water temperature
Outlet water temperatu
Length of tube
Bulk mean te
Properties of
Rynolds num
Heat tr
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Solar fresnel alignment of collectors and Receiver Tube
linear solar mirrors to reflect sunlight onto a receiver tube.In that way it is similar to a solar parabolic trough sys
ses a 'parabola' made up of ten flat mirrors that each rotate to follow the sun,Instead of a more expensive parab
allows theCompact Linear Fresnel Solar Mirrors.flat solar mirrors to remain near the ground, avoiding wind loads
400 C in the absorber tubes. The steam is used directly to drive a turbine in a standard Rankine cycle to produce
rom some other high temperature fluid.
and operational costs.Firstly,the flat mirrirs are cheaper and easier to produce then parabolic curved reflectors a
wo meters above groud.This means the plant can operate in strong wind and it can use a lightweight,simple colle
nd,packing more mirrors closer together compared to parabolic through.
r moving parts and they can turn down during the night for protection from sand and to allow for automated cle
erate steam directly,which means they do away with the need for expensive and performance-reducing heat exc
of a parabolic trough collector per square metre.
il fuel backup to be used for electrical generation when the sun isn't shining
f the parabolic trough system, because multiple solar mirrors reflect solar power to a single absorber tube and th
perature as high as the parabolic trough or parabolic dish solar concentrators,
ectricity is lower.
ly small one
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ver.
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ect mannar
tion software
ptical efficiency simulation of the concentrating collector.
r of rays of incident radiation throughout the system for reflecting surface.
and point of intersection of incident ray with the reflecting surface are determine
e angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence
lated according to Mr.Rabl
= is the angle between optical axis and the line from focus to reflector
= is the incident angle of the sun relative to the aperture normal.
iation avalability of the collector.
15-Apr
1230 h 12.5 LAT
705 w/m^2
949 w/m^2
31.9 C
5.3 m/s
150 C
11.92 Deg
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105 th day 9.414893 Deg
16.94419 -7.5
9.494661
t horizantal Axis
COS = COS(COS^2 + TAN^2)^0.5
rs for low and medium concentrating one axis tracking or stationary collectors.
e reflector shape that focuse beam radiation into a single point.How ever the manufacturof parabollic reflector i
s with different curvature.The mirror radius of curvature "ri "depends on
ngle
oing to implement ,Tracking angle for perpendicular incident radiation ( = 0)m mirror center to absorber center.
ors :
(2*f)/cos
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f the mirrors is determined by the vector towards the sun projected onto the vertical axis running north-south
s the south,coming up till noon and decreasing again. The severity of this angular adjustment decreases from win
h the plane of the parabolic trough), and reverses direction during the summer, as the sun rises slightly north an
by sensors rather than formulas.
y be flat or cylindrical on the ground.Tracking may be as simple as in polar or it may have hidden complications (
gle parallel to the axis of the collector would be severe in winter if this orientation were laid flat on the ground.
y towards the south for construction cost reasons (same as polar), and wish to collect energy during the winter, T
lus and minus 22.5 degrees of tilt from 9am till 3pm. Thus there will be a maximum half angle loss of cosine 22.5
of cos (1/2 theta) from theta =-22.3 to 22.5
8 Rows 4 reflectePrimary mirrors
Number of rows
Number of sets
Mirror width
Length
Mirror spacing
Total mirror area
incident angle of
= is the angle
= is the inciden
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Included angle of
Radius of c
Mirror
12
3
4
5
Note: "That mean
tructural advantages to having fewer reflectors, each with a concentration ratio of 5 or so. Although a perfect pa
system which must track the sun. Also, we found a perfect parabolic shap difficult to achieve under non-tracking
with 2'x 1' panels of glass, with an image size of just under an inch and a half (concentration ratio of about 20),
ed light around the focus (ie: only 75% of the mirror assumed the curve, since the ends, for whatever reason, do
chieved with mylar on thin plywood, but this could not be achieved over the entire length of the focus.
s parallel to the axis of the concentrator, it travels different distances before reaching the absorber. Thus, if the a
us. The percentage out of focus is inversely proportional to the amount of concentration possible.
t of focus), the image is the same size as the width of the reflector. At 1.5 the focal length (%50), the image will
moves from 45 degrees at 9 am to 0 at noon to 45 again at 3 pm. If this system were perfectly in focus at noon,
of two (~1.4) in the morning and evening would correspond to%40 out of focus or 2.5 times concentration.
ould be to have the system focused perfectly at 22.5 degrees, so that the absorber is too close at noon and too f
centration of 3.27 (change in path length is 1/cos45 - 1/cos22.5 = 1.41 - 1.08 = .33 ->% out of focus of .33/1.08=
d 45 degrees, greater ratios could be obtained by sacrificing efficiency at the extremes.
erience this distortion less severely due to the fact that the seasonal angular deviation of the sun is much less tha
The Kimberlina solar power plant has a 5MW capacity and although the size appears
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r station
y Solar Farm(CESF)
x.php?article_id=5&clang=1
1 m^2
or indian conditions 750 W/m^2
le from morning 8 am to 4 pm 8 hours/day
erture area x solar radiation x hours 6000 Wh/day 6
efficiency the energy out put 3.9 KWh/day 3355.638
1423.5 KWh/year
eiver tube of 20 mm diameter and 3 m long at a velocity of 0.03
.The tube wall is maintained at constant temperature of 160 C.Find heat tra
20 mm 0.02
0.03 m/s
160 C
40 C
re 120 C
3 m
mperature 80 C
water at 80 C
Density 974 kg/m^3
kinamatic viscosity 3.64E-07 m^2/s
Prandel number 2.22
Thermal conductivity 6.69E-01 W/Mk
ber 1.65E+03
Thiis Rynolds number value below 2300,this flow is laminar
Nusselt Number 3.66
Nusselt Number hD/Kheat transfer coefficent 122.3721 W/m^2K
nsfer 1848 W
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Absorber area :Aperture area :
em. Gross area:olic shaped mirror,
.
lectricity,
nd so are readily available from manufacturers worldwide.
ctor structure.
ning.
angers.
e absorber tube doesn't need couplings as the receiver tubes for the parabolic trough and parabolic dish syste
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.
304.9 K
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Deg 0.991444861 Deg
too expansive.
Concentration ratio = Collector area/Focussed area = normally 26/1
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ter solstice till equinox, when no angular adjustment is needed
comes slightly south by noon.
e don't know). Due to the latitude of the Factor E farm, the end losses associated
he factor E Farm team has shied away from this orientation as well.
d mirrors with a noth - south Tracking Axisre cylindrical with different small curvatures.
8
4
0.5
4
0.15
approximatly 64
the sun relative to the aperture normal. 0
2.995496019
0.978147601
12.26808714
between optical axis and the line from focus to reflector.
t angle of the sun relative to the aperture normal.
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sun relative apeture angle ( )(perpendicular incident radiation)
rvature of different mirrors
Focus (f )
Radius of mirror
(ri)
6.28 3.14 2.5 5.00751792318.26 9.13 2.6 5.266724875
28.81 14.405 2.65 5.472032747
37.6 18.8 3.2 6.76068769
44.71 22.355 3.6 7.785087972
s Radius of mirror curvature mainly depends on the focal length of the mir
abola could have a concentration ratio of 50 or more
conditions.
it
not curve).
rray is in perfect focus at one angle,
e half the width of the reflector.
ar at 3pm, but neither as badly as if the system were in focus at noon.
%30.5).
n its daily variation.
small
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Kwh
Kcal
m/s.The water gets heated from 40 C to 120 C.while
sfer
m
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the area of absorberthe area in which solar radiation enter the collector
the area based on outer dimention of collector
ms do, because the absorber tube is fixed.
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m
m
m
m^ 2
Deg
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or and tracking angle.