Download pdf - Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of using …thaiitreoh.rutgers.edu/news/2010-norkaew.pdf · growing farmers in Hua Rua sub-district, Muang district, Ubonratchathani Province,

1

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of using

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for chilli-

growing farmers in Hua Rua sub-district, Muang district, Ubonratchathani Province, Thailand

By: Saowanee Norkaew

Thesis Advisor: Dr. Wattasit SiriwongThesis Co-Advisor: Prof.Dr. Mark G. Robson

Date: 12 March 2010

2

Background

Pesticides are widely used throughout the world,

especially in agriculture for crop protection (WHO).

Studies on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP)

show that unsafe use of pesticides is common in

developing countries; further study is needed to develop

and improve interventions on the safe use of pesticide

(Sematong et al., 2008, Janhong et al., 2005, Recera et al., 2006).

3

Thailand is a country that produces food to supply

the world’s population; however, an important problem

related to agriculture is pesticide poisoning reported.

Pesticide poisoning is highest among occupational

diseases (80% of total occupational diseases reported)

(Division of Epidemiology, 2008).

About 40% of Thailand workforce are employed in agriculture (National Statistical Office, 2009).

Background

4

Chilli farmers in Ubonrachathani

5


6


7


8


9


10

Objectives:

To evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices

(KAP) associated with pesticide use and exposure in the chilli-

growing farmers in Hua Rua sub-district, Muang district,

Ubonratchathani Province, Thailand.

To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on using

personal protective equipment of chili-growing farmers.

To provide recommendation to farmers to reduce their exposure to pesticide.

11

Research Design:

● Cross sectional study

Methodology

Study population:

Chilli-growing farmers who apply pesticides to their field directly.

The age of farmers >18 years old; includes men and women excludes children and pregnant women.

Selecting only one person from each household.

322 persons are selected from 1,200 chilli-growing farmers households (N) as a target population (n).

12

Study area

Hua Rua sub-district, Muang district, Ubonratchathani Province

13

Measurement Tools:

The questionnaire was designed to assess the knowledge,

attitude and practice on personal protective equipment.

Questionnaire was adopted from instruments used in previously reported studies.

Research Methodology

Data collection was through a questionnaire to interview chilli-growing farmers administered in person.

14

Measurement Tools: The questionnaire consists of five parts.

Part 1: Socio demographics (16 questions)

The questions include background and general

information: age, gender, education, marital status, weight,

family status, income, amount of land owner.

Part 2: Information regarding pesticide use (8 questions)Information on pest problems: insects, weeds, disease.


15

Part 3: Knowledge regarding using pesticide (15 questions)

Knowledge of using pesticide, personal protective equipment,

health effect of pesticides.

A correct answer will give 1 score and 0 score for wrong answer.

The scores vary from 0-15 points and will classify into 3 levels as

follow: Bloom’s cut off point, 60%-80%

Scores Descriptions

0-09 (Less than 59%) Low levels

10-12 (60-80%) Moderate levels13-15 (80-100%) High levels


16

Part 4: Attitudes regarding using pesticide (15 questions)

Farmers respond to 10 statements are a Likert’s scale which include both positive and

negative. The rating scale is measure as follow:

The scores varied from 0 to 60 and all individual answers were summed up for total

scores and calculate for means. The scores were classified into 3 levels (Positive Attitude, Neutral

Attitude and Negative Attitude).

Positive Attitude 48-60 scores (80%-100%)

Neutral Attitude 36-47 scores (60%-80%)Negative Attitude 00-35 scores (Less than 59%)

Positive Statement Negative Statement

Choice Scores Choice Scores

Strongly agree 4 Strongly agree 0

Agree 3 Agree 1

Neural 2 Neural 2

Disagree 1 Disagree 3

Strongly disagree 0 Strongly disagree 4


17

Part 5: Practice of pesticide usage (23 questions)

This part asks about how often they use each personal protective

equipment. There were 8 statements witch include both positive and negative.

The rating scale is measure as follow:

The scores ranged from 0 to 92 and were classified into 3 levels (Good

Practice, Fair Practice and Poor Practice).

Good Practice 87-92 scores (80%-100%)

Fair Practice 65-86 scores (60%-80%)Poor Practice 00-64 scores (Less than 59%)

Positive Statement Negative Statement

Choice Scores Choice Scores

Usually 4 Usually 1

Sometime 3 Sometime 2

Rarely 2 Rarely 3

Never 1 Never 4


18

Administered interviewed with questionnaires

19

Data analysis

Statistical technique

SPSS v 17 software for windows is used for quantitative data analysis.

Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean and

standard deviation.

Inferential statistics - use Spearman’s Rank Correlation

Coefficient was used to describe the strength and direction of the

relationship between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, and attitude and practice.


20

Result

Part 1: Socio demographics

21

The total response was 330 cases

Table1 Social and demographic characteristics of the chilli-growing farmers who participated in the study

Characteristics (n=330) No. (%)

Age (years) mean=42, SD= 10.7

< 30

-31-40

-41-50

-51-60

> 60

35

130

105

40

20

10.5

39.6

31.9

12.0

6.0

Gender

-male

-female

175

155

53

47

Marital status

-single

-couple

-withdraw

35

290

5

10.6

87.9

1.5

Status in family

-head of family

-spouse

-child

-parent

-occupant

170

110

25

5

20

51.5

33.3

7.6

1.5

6.1

22

Characteristics (n=330) No. (%)

Education

-Never

-Primary school

-Secondary school

-High School

-Bachelor’s degree

10

235

50

30

5

3.0

71.2

15.2

9.1

1.5

Income (Bath/year)

<50,000

-50,001-150,000

-151,000-300,000

>300,001

190

95

40

5

57.6

28.8

12.1

1.5

Land owner

-< 3 rais

-3-5 rais

-5-7 rais

215

100

15

65.2

30.3

4.5

Table1 Social and demographic characteristics of the chilli-growing farmers who participated in the study

23

Part 2: Information regarding pesticide use

24

Table 2 Information of problem of weed, insect, pesticide use of the chilli growers who participated in the study

Characteristics Number (%)

Insect problem

-yes

-no

280

50

84.8

15.2

Weed problem

-yes

-no

200

130

60.6

39.4

Plant disease problem

-yes

-no

245

85

74.2

25.8

Commonly used chemical

-Abamectin

-Selecron (profenofos)

-Podium 600 (chlorpyrifos)

155

77

49

47.0

23.3

14.9

Pesticide Application*

-apply by self

-apply by hired applicator

270

60

81.8

18.2

25

Characteristics Number (%)

Source of pesticide information*

-radio

-TV

-document/article

-broadcast tower

-neighbor

-agricultural office

-public health office

-pesticide salesman

-community leader

-health volunteer

41

52

42

28

33

59

7

48

7

13

12.42

15.75

12.72

8.48

10.00

17.89

2.12

14.56

2.12

3.94

Have you had a cholinesterase test in the last 12 months?

-never

-yes but not know result

-yes and normal

-yes and not normal

-yes with health effects

115

20

160

30

5

34.8

6.1

48.5

9.1

1.5

Table 2 Information of problem of weed, insect, pesticide use of the chilli growers who participated in the study

26

Part 3: Knowledge regarding using pesticide

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Low level Moderate level

Low level

Moderate level

77.2%

22.8%

27

Part 4: Attitude regarding using pesticide

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

Negative Attitude Neutral Attitude

Negative Attitude

Neutral Attitude

54.5%

45.5%

28

Part 5: Practice of pesticide usage

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Poor practice Fair practice Good practice

Poor practice

Fair practice

Good practice

9%

85%

6%

29

The association between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, and attitude & practice

Variables Statistic test Spearman’s rho p-value

Knowledge & Attitude Spearman’s rank correlation 0.216 0.01

Knowledge & Practice Spearman’s rank correlation 0.285 0.01

Attitude & Practice Spearman’s rank correlation 0.305 0.01

30

Discussion and Conclusion

The total response was 330 cases

– The average age was 42 years old

– 53% were male, married, and head of family

– 71% was graduated primary school.

– All of them owned the property ,more than 60% owned

less than 3 rais

31


The common pesticide used are abamectin, selecron and podium 600

32

Growers reported only a few symptom of pesticide exposure

- headache

Growers expressed either neutral or negative attitude.

The majority (85%) described their practices use as “fair”

Limitations

- recall bias

- limited information in current questionnaire


33

Farmers had limited formal education.

There was a little positive association between

knowledge, attitude and practice.

This study found that the majority chilli-growing farmers

have low knowledge, negative attitude and fair practices.


Therefore, the educational programs, legislation

promoting the use of safer pesticide, and implementation

of personal protective measures are necessary to continues for decreasing the pesticide exposure.

34

Recommendations:

Improving the devices or redesigning the device to ensure the chilli-

growing farmers to use them effectively and using safety practices.

Should be develop evidence-based methods, which can assess the

occupational health risk.

For policy on the basis of the findings in this study, the following

issues should be considered for improving knowledge of chilli-growing

farmers of harmful effects of pesticide and importance of using PPE at

work

Public education is necessary to address the knowledge gap.

Therefore educational programs should be organized for improving

knowledge about harmful effects of pesticide and it should focus mainly to

reduce the awareness of the people of the importance of using PPE.

Free publishing materials concerning to education, training and specific information on occupational health be effected.

35

Further study

Thailand have many agriculture that could be study in other area or other agriculture.

36

Acknowledgement

College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University

International Training and Research in Environmental and

Occupational Health grants (ITREOH NIH Fogarty)

37

Thank you for your attention