Lasse Karlsen, Technical Director Norwegian Maritime Authority
2018.02.09 MOVING TOWARDS GREEN SHIPPING
Green Shipping - Regulatory and policy aspects of
LNG sector development
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Green Shipping - Regulatory and policy aspects of LNG sector development
Latest developments:
• Green fuel solutions
• LNG development
• Regulatory fundament
• Reducing emissions
• Future requirements
• Zero emission shipping
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Norwegian Maritime Authority
Parent bodies:
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries (main)
Ministry of Climate and Environment
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Safeguard
life,
health,
environment
and
property
THE MISSION OF NORWEGIAN MARITIME AUTHORITY
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2018.02.09 MOVING TOWARDS GREEN SHIPPING
Safeguard
life,
health,
environment
and property
HOW TO MANAGE OUR MISSION
APPROVE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN OF SHIPPING
Battery fishing boat 2015
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2018.02.09
GREEN SHIPPING
WASTE
WATER
NOISE
BALLAST WATER
BLIGE
HULL DESIGN
ANTI FOULING
PROPELLER
FUELS
NOx REDUCTION
SCRUBBER
EXHAUST
GHG
NAVIGATIONGreen Shipping
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2018.02.09 MOVING TOWARDS GREEN SHIPPING
• Gothenburg Protocol
• MARPOL Annex VI
– Sulphur < 0.10% within ECAs from 1 January 2015
– Sulphur < 0.50% from 1 January 2020 in all other areas/high seas
– NOx
» Tier II from 2011 Global
» Nox Tier III from 2016 in NECAs
International agreements ++
MEPC 71Approved NOx Tier III for European ECAs from 2021
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China’s local ECA’s
Norway’s local NOX –tax area
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Green Shipping: Many compliant* fuel options for the ECAs and 2020
• HFO w/scrubbers and w/SCR or EGR
• Low sulphur marine diesel w/SCR or EGR
• Low sulphur diesel oil w/SCR - EGR
• Ammonia gas dual fuel?
• LNG/gas single/dual fuel
• Methanol dual fuel
• Ethane dual fuel
• Propane (LPG) dual fuel
• HyTan - H2+LNG/gas single/dual fuel
• Electrical propulsion – battery only
• Biodiesel, GTL/DME or LBG (Biogas)
• LH2 or CH2 with fuel cells and battery
+ COLD IRONING AND CHARGING
* Existing international agreements
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Political decision on LNG in Norway
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The world’s first low NOx-, zero SO2-and Particle and low CO2 emission ferry!
MS Glutra, from 2000
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Emission governance by tax on NOx in Norway
2018.02.09
– Emission reduction requirements (Gothenburg Protocol / MARPOL Annex VI)
– Emission tax on NOx ~ NOK 21.94 per kg, or;
– Alternatively:
• Owners can join the private NOx fund and only pay a fee of NOK 4.00 per kg and be
able to re-allocate funds when investing in low NOx emission technology.
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GHG – WTP Life Cycle assessments – Marine fuels
New HPDF engines
HFO LS-MGO LNG (Qatar) LNG (Qatar)
• WTT 9.79 14.4 9.68 9.98
– Refinery part 5.79 10.4 - -
• TTP 77.7 74.4 69.5 ~56.1
• Total WTP 87.49* 88.8 > 79.18 >> 66.08
gCO2eq/Mjf
- 10% ~ 25%Source: DNVGL
*Energy for scrubbing not included
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Methane slip – new technology reduces Methane slip
• Further ongoing development
• LPSI engines ~ 2,5% Methane slip
• LPDF engines ~ 3.0 – 3,5 % Methane slip
• HPDF engines ~ Zero Methane slip
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Emission experience – 2010 results
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
MDO - 1% S LNG
g /
kWh
Particles
NEW ~ 20% GHG*
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
MDO - 1% S LNG
g /
kWh
CO2 ~ 26%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
MDO - 1% S LNG
g /
kWh
NOx
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
MDO - 1% S LNG
g /k
Wh
SOx
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~ Zero~ Zero
- 90-98 %
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*Calculation by ICCT – International Council on Clean Transportation
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FredrikstadSkangasTerminal 6 500 m3
Availability of LNG:
21 ports in Norway
The preferred maritime administration
MELKØYA,
HAMMERFEST
LNG export plant
SAGA
FJORDBASE,
Florø 500 M3Trailers very common~45 LNG semitrailers doing bunkering in Norway
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Safety LNG bunkering – 17 years in Norway ~ 80000 oper.
2018.02.09
One smaller personal injury
• Hose disconnection accident after bunkering. Frost bite/cold burn on hand and leg. 1 week sick leave.
✓Change of procedure and training.
Seven minor technical ship accidents
• One leak of 120 kg of LNG in bunker-connector due to excessive stress caused by rapid heeling. No harm to persons or ship. Ant heeling turned off due to program updating
✓Change of gas detection, procedures and training.
• Three mooring failures - ship moved from berth. LNG hose under stress but did not break.
✓Change of procedure and training
• Three overfilling's while alternating between bottom filling and top spray – minor amount og LNG release thru vent mast
✓Instrumentation and design failures corrected
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SHIP BUNKER OPTIONS
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Truck to Ship – very flexible2-2,5” hose
Tank farm to ship with rigid arm or hoses 3 - 6” High capacity
Ship to ship for larger vessels3-6” rigid or hose (s)
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TOTE container ships –
Multiple trucks
Jacksonville US
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Truck bunker operation in JapanSAKIGAKE Tug, port of Yokohama
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IMO International regulations – the IGF Code
• 2004 Proposal from Norway to develop Gas Code
• In force 1 January 2017
International Code of Safety for Ships Using Gases or Other Low-Flashpoint Fuels
• Under development✓ Fuel cells✓ Methanol✓ Low flash diesel
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• Clean fuel
– Can meet the IMO tier III level on NOx and the SOx requirements in ECAs
(Even new regulations on black carbon – GHG issue)
• Low carbon and GHG fuel (lower than natural pipeline gas)
– Reduces GHG compared to HFO/MGO (H₂S+CO₂ removed, higher H2, no black carbon) (~ 46%)
• Quantity
– The predicted amount of natural gas is huge (may last for several hundred years)
• Proven, economical, available and regulated
– 55 years in large scale, 17 years in small scale
– LNG has the potential to be economically competitive compared to heavy fuel oil (HFO)
– Many liquefaction plant and storage and regasification terminals ww
LNG – one of the low carbon fuels of the future
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MOVING TOWARDS GREEN SHIPPING2018.02.09
Owner: Wallenius / NYK 4000 cars – 181 meters
Newbuildings under Norwegian regulations and flag in 2016
First LNG-powered car carriers – 2 ships First methanol-powered cargo ships – 4 ships of 50,000 DWT
Zero Methane slip engines
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Zero emission – battery only
Battery hybrid – partly zero emission
Towards zero emission
shipping
World’s first battery hybrid fishing boat
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Energy consumption in kWh / trip Tons of CO2/year
2015 First battery driven ferry in Norway
Zero emission - electric propulsion and battery
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2018.02.09
Batteries in ships - an interesting trend
Source:Maritime Battery Forum
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Viking Energy – LNG PSV with battery
• Peak shaving, start and stop function and as spinning reserve
• Data from the first year shows the following fuel savings:
– 3 % peak shaving during transit
– 20 % start/stop in harbour / standby
– 32 % in DP operation
– 15 - 16 % overall savings
– In addition lower running hours and maintenance cost, approx. 500-600 000 NOK/year
Source: Eidesvik
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Grieg Shipping – Hybrid Crane bulk carrier
• A small battery pack installed for peak shaving during crane operations.
• Reasonably low cost of investment due to small battery pack, only 67 kWh needed.
• Following reduction in emission:
– CO2 equivalent to 100 cars
– NOx equivalent to 5000 cars
– In addition, reduction in running hours
Source: Grenland Energy
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Fuels for the future 2020 - 2050
• The fuel mix of the future will be more complex than today. Fuel could differ to each vessel and its trade area.
• The Norwegian Maritime Authority cannot predict
the future fuel, but we aim to be a partner that finds good and safe solutions together with the industry.
• A new IMO strategy on GHG may change the situation
as significant CO₂ reductions may be mandatory.
2018.02.09
FUELS USED IN IMO ISWG-GHG 2/2/4 – (22.9.17)
Input to GHG reduction solutions
(Submitted by Norway) (Low carbon fuels)
• LPG
• LNG
• Biodiesel
• LBG (liquid biogas)
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Next agreement: Zero emission shipping => No CO₂ in 2050?
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COP21 - IMO and reduction of GHG emissions from shipping
• 2003 A.963/23(23) Urged MEPC to identify and develop the mechanisms needed to limit or reduce GHG emissions from shipping.
• 2011 MEPC.203(62) Mandatory technical (EEDI) and operational (SEEMP) measures for energy efficiency.
• 2013 MEPC.229(65) Promotion of technical co-operation and transfer of technology for improvement of energy efficiency of ships.
• 2016 MEPC.278(70) Data collection system for fuel oil consumption of ships – mandatory recording & reporting for ships> 5000 GT.
– Start of development of a comprehensive IMO strategy on reduction of GHG emissions.
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INITIAL IMO STRATEGY ON REDUCTION OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS
VISION:
[Sustainable development in line with UNFCCC and Paris Agreement (COP21)]
[Reducing GHG emissions from international shipping to/towards zero as soon as possible/by 2050]
Ambitions – possible approaches:
• Annual total GHG to be kept below a defined level in 2050 [ 2008 level or -70% of and pursuing 100%]
• GHG em. to peak and then decline [rapid declining from 2025, full decarbonisation 2050]
• Carbon intensity of international shipping to decline [reduce CO₂ pr. tonne-km by 50%/90% by 2050 based on 2008 level][ improve energy efficiency CO₂ pr. tonne-km by 40% by 2030 based on 2008 level]
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CO₂ Reduction potential – ISWG-GHG 2/2/4 from NORWAY
2018.02.09
Dated 22.09.2017
Sails and H₂ ?
Biofuels*
*Renewables
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2018.02.09
Fig 2. CO₂ emission reduction potential from individual measures, classified in 5 main categories of measures.Bauman et al, 2017
- Cost efficiency will depend on trade and trading area
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Hydrogen as fuel
• Increased interest in using H₂ as fuel.
• A number of projects looking into hydrogen solutions!
• Hydrogen
– H₂ differs from natural gas; higher explosion potential, lower ignition energy, lower density and lower liquid temperature
– There are no fuel systems that are adopted for civil marine use
– Every aspect of the use of H₂ on board needs to be assessed in order to ensure that the vessel is as safe as a conventional vessel
– No prescriptive requirements
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Source: Norwegian Roads administration
CRYOGEN or COMPRESSED HYDROGEN (LH2/CH2) AND FUEL CELLS
CHARGING BATTERIES
New car ferries under development in Norway
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ETO: 2021
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Zero Emission Cruisers – a safety and logistics challenge
H2 fuel cellsand batteries
Estimated to be ready for operation in 2021
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THE SHIP INTELLIGENCE ERA – SHIPPING 6.0
2018.02.09
Illustration: DNVGL / RR / UIP - Project
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Eco-efficient technology options – Shipping 6.0*
Advanced digital assistance and control of shipping
– New digital navigation equipment and systems
– Better integration of all navigation information
– New non-fossil propulsion systems
– Automatic anti-collision systems
– Cyber Internet and full connectivity – BIG data, IoT
– Real-time data collection and diagnosis
– Automated docking and sail away
– Shore-based control and operation
– Navigation by computers – autonomous ships
* By Lasse Karlsen, Norwegian Maritime Authority
• STATUS IN NORWAY:
- World’s first test area for autonomous ships
- World’s first autonomous ship under design
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The Fjord of Trondheim
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Nikola Tesla demonstrated remoteoperation of model vessel in 1898
On 13 June 2017, IMO decided to do a scoping exercise to prepare for navigation of autonomous ships
119 YEARS SINCE NIKOLA TESLA PRESENTED HIS REMOTE-CONTROLLED MODEL VESSEL
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75 M, 120 TEUBATTERY ONLYETO: 2018 / 2020
Tesla of the Seas! Ref. The Wall Street Journal
(Remote operation : 15-18% energy reduction)
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General regelasjon in SOLAS• SOLAS Ch.1 Reg. 4b
– Vessels with new and novel design may be given exemptions from: • Reg. II-1: Construction, hull, stability, machinery etc.,
• Reg. II-2: on fire protection etc.,
• Reg. III: LSA.,
• Reg. IV: Communication
• Reg. V: Navigation (Ch V. Reg 3.2)
• SOLAS Ch.1 Reg.5a
– Vessels shall be allowed to use alternatives to prescriptive solutions
• Basic requirement:
– Safety shall be acceptable to the administration(s) and provide the same or better level of safety compared with prescriptive regulations.
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2018.02.09
Approval of novel design, new technology and alternatives
Required reading for innovators:
MSC.1/Circ. 1455: Guidelines for the approval of
alternatives and equivalents
as provided for in various IMO
instruments
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The future: Greener Shipping!
2018.02.09
Owners are invited to build Green fuelled ships to Norwegian flag and regulations!
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