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LNG VALUE CHAIN AND SHIPPING OFOIL


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WHAT IS THE LNG VALUE CHAIN ?

The LNG value chain represents $7 to $14 billion dollars ofinvestment , further minimization of the cost with long termcontract

It begins with natural gas extracted from underground

reservoirs and is sent through a pipeline to a liquefactionfacility.

At the liquefaction facility, impurities are removed from thegas, and it is sent through three cooling processes until itreaches a final temperature of minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit.

The chilled gas, now LNG, is then loaded onto speciallydesigned tanker ships, which may last anywhere from four tothirty days, depending on the destination port.

Source: http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdfhttp://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf


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Once the ship arrives at a re-gasification terminal, the LNG isoffloaded into large storage tanks, built with full-containmentwalls and systems to keep the LNG cold until it is turned backinto a gaseous state.

When the LNG has been warmed back to its natural state, thegas is moved into pipelines which will deliver the natural gasto consumers, power plants and industrial customers acrossthe country.

The largest component of the total cost of the LNG value

chain is usually the liquefaction plant, while the production,shipping, and regasification components account for nearlyequal portions of the remainder



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LIQUEFACTION

Total capacity of 170MTPA is available , 91 MTPA is

under construction and further 285 MTPA is planned

During the process , impurities are removed and thegas is cooled up to ( -256 F ) , the process can be

designed to get upto 100% methane

By the process its volume is reduced to 1/600

Stored in a two walled tank , separated by insulation.

The material includes nickel , aluminum and pressed

concrete.



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LNG Liquiefaction Process

Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf


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SHIPPING

Its shipped in a double hulled tanker , designed andinsulated to prevent accidents

There are three types of cargo containment for LNG ,

Moss ( spherical design )Membrane design

Structural prismatic

A carrier can transport upto 125000 138000 m3 of

LNG , which would provide 2.6-2.8 Bcf of natural gas

A typical carrier measure 900ft in length and 140 ft inwidth, 36ft in water draft costing $160 million



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SHIPPING

International trade in LNG centers on twogeographic regions

The Atlantic Basin, involving trade in Europe,northern and western Africa, and the U.S. Easternand Gulf coasts.

The Asia/Pacific Basin, involving trade in South

Asia, India, Russia, and Alaska.

The carriers are less polluting than other vessels

since they burn natural gas along with fuel oil forpropulsion



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SHIPPING



11/28Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf


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STORAGE At final destinations, LNG may be used in various ways,

Used as a transportation fuel for truck and bus fleets

Used electric power generation stations, allowing use of

the cryogenic properties

Back to natural form On arrival at the receiving terminal in its liquid state, LNG

is pumped at atmospheric pressure first to a double-

walled storage tank

US stands tall in storage facility , mainly because of their

demand



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TYPES OF STORAGE

There are three different types of storage ,

Above ground most widely used

Below ground

entirely submerged in land ,with a cap in the surface . Provides

environmental safety

In ground partial submergence



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STORAGE TANK

INSULATION

INNER TANK ( 9% NICKELSTEEL ALLOY )

BLOCKS

CONCRETE

STAINLESS STEEL

FOAM GLASS

HEATING DUCTS TO PREVENT

GROUND FREEZING



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SINGLE CONTAINMENT TANK


C t l D i f St T k


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Conceptual Design of Storage Tanks:


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UNDERGROUND LNG TANK



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REGASIFICATION



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The previous picture represents the process of taking

liquefied natural gas (LNG) off of the ship, moving it

into cold storage tanks and then re-gasifying it back

into natural gas to send to market. The gray lines represent natural gas, and the yellow

lines represent LNG. Naturally, there is a small

amount of LNG which vaporizes through contact with

warmer air in the top of the ship containers and inthe LNG storage tanks. This natural gas is siphoned

out of the tanks and moved into the pipeline.


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ENERGY BRIDGE REGASSIFICATION

VESSEL

Used in case of off shore plant , where the LNG

is taken up by the vessel and regassified in it

and sent through downstream pipeline



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JETTY



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LNG - A SAFE FUEL Safety in LNG industry employs four main elements which would

ensure safety of both the workers and the communitiessurrounding the LNG facility

Primary containment usage of appropriate material and a welldesigned engineering storage system

Secondary containment - incase of leaks , ability to contain it andisolate from public

Safeguard system - ESD system

Separation distance

maintaining safe distances with storage area

LNG trucks have to maintain safe distance from other vehicles

Transportation of LNG carriers via separate route Physical and chemical properties



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POSSIBLE HAZARDS

Explosion an explosion occurs when a substance rapidly changes

from its chemical state or uncontrollable released from pressurized

container , since LNG is stored at atmospheric pressure it will not

create immediate explosion

Vapour cloud

LNG forms a vapour cloud when released and it may

ignite if it encounters an ignition source

Freezing liquid

Rapid phase transition An RPT can occur , if there is a mix of water

and LNG. RPT range from small pops to a blast

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