GRADE 8
SOCIAL STUDIES
10-DAY STAAR
REVIEW
Written by Chris Jackson, Ed.D.
www.hedgehoglearning.com
© Hedgehog Learning
Grade 8 Social Studies Review
© Hedgehog Learning
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Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 1
Exploration and Colonization of North AmericaREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 2A, 3A, 7C, and 12B
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Today’s Objectives:
• Identify reasons for European
exploration and colonization
• Explain the growth of representative
governments
• Analyze the reasons for the spread of
slavery in the colonial period
What is Exploration & Colonialism?
◼ Exploration is the act of seeking and claiming new lands for economic, political, and social gain.
◼ Colonialism is the establishment of settlers and traders outside of a specific country who have common reasons for relocating to a new region.
What is Exploration & Colonialism?
List four major reasons why European countries sought to explore and colonize North America.
1. ?2. ?3. ?4. ?
What is Exploration & Colonialism?
List four major reasons why European countries sought to explore and colonize North America.
1. Religious2. Political3. Economic4. Social
European Powers in North American Exploration
SPAIN FRANCE
Spanish conquistadors conquered much of Central and South America, forcing Native Americans such as the Aztecs and Incas into slave labor for mining gold, ranching, and farming. The Spanish sent missionaries to the New World to convert native people to Catholicism.
French explorers established New France west of the Mississippi River through the Great Lakes and on into much of present-day Canada. The French sent missionaries and established trading outposts and a few towns to engage in the fur trade with Native Americans.
European Powers in North American Exploration
ENGLAND HOLLAND
Dutch explorers claimed control of the Hudson River Valley and established New Amsterdam (New York). The Dutch West India Company merchants traded fur with native peoples, making New Amsterdam and its natural harbor a leading center for trade in the New World.
At war with Spain, England wanted to match the wealth Spain created in the New World through the establishment of thirteen colonies along the Atlantic Coast for various reasons, including political, economic, and religious motivations.
Economic Example for Colonization
Jamestown in 1607
Virginia Company, a private English business, established a colony on the James River in Virginia in hopes of profiting from gold, and in later years, tobacco. Most of the first settlers did not survive the first two winters.
Religious Example for Colonization
Plymouth Colony in 1620
Religious separatists (Pilgrims) unhappy with the Church of England established the first permanent settlement in present-day Massachusetts to escape religious persecution.
Political Example for Colonization
New York in 1664
Holland, at war with England, surrendered New Amsterdam out of fear of English warships and invasion. England gained the colony out of political force and renamed it New York.
Social Example for Colonization
Georgia in 1733
James Ogelthorpe formed the colony of Georgia in 1733 as a place for imprisoned debtors and convicts sent from England.
The Rise of Self-Government
What are three major reasons colonists sought self-government in the English colonies?
1. ?2. ?3. ?
The Rise of Self-Government
What are three major reasons colonists sought self-government in the English colonies?
1. Distance from England2. Need for Legal Structure3. Traditional Rights of Englishmen
The Rise of Self-Government
Mayflower Compact (1620) – The Pilgrims agreed to self-government in the Plymouth Colony
House of Burgesses (1619) – The colony of Virginia established an elected representative assembly.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) –Three towns in Connecticut agreed on individual rights, elective government, and self-rule.
Slavery in Colonial America
• Slave trading began in colonial
America in the mid-1600s to
provide labor primarily for large-
scale farming in the southern
colonies.
• Although the northern colonies had
some slaves, their population was
one-tenth of that in the southern
colonies.
• The number of slaves in the
southern colonies increased from
13,000 in 1690 to over 125,000 in
1740.
Triangular Slave Trade - 1750
Discussion Point:
Why do you think many
European nations did
nothing to stop slavery in
the American colonies?
Day 1 Exploration & Colonization - Quiz
1. What was the primary reason for English colonization of Jamestown in 1607
near the James River?
a. wealth creation (gold)
b. creating a new social structure (glory)
c. religious freedom (God)
d. political alliances w/ other countries (glory)
1. The establishment of the House of Burgesses in 1619 & creation of
Mayflower Compact in 1620 indicated the colonist understood the
importance of:
a. establishing self - government
b. submission to English authority
c. protection of natural resources
d. creating revenue through taxation
Day 1 Exploration & Colonization - Quiz
3. The dependence of the southern colonies on farming lead to which of
the following occurrences?
a. the governors of southern colonies established laws to protect labor rights &
fair wages.
b. the economic influence of the southern colonies decreased
c. the king of England increased taxation on the revenue of cotton, tobacco, &
coffee
d. the demand for labor increased the profitability of the trans-Atlantic slave trade
4. Defines the time of American History prior to 1776
a. Industrial Revolution
b. Colonial Period
c. Plantations
d. War of 1812
5. Colonization for the purpose of wealth creation (gold)
a. Economic gain
b. Social Benefitc. Religious Freedom
d. Individual Rights
Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 2
American RevolutionREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 4A, 4C, 15C, 19A
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Today’s Objectives:
• Analyze causes of the American Revolution
• Explain the issues surrounding important
events of the American Revolution
• Identify colonial grievances listed in the
Declaration of Independence
• Define and give examples of unalienable
rights
Causes of the American Revolution
Proclamation of 1763
◼ British gained control of a lot of
new land after the French and
Indian Wars (1763).
◼ British forbid settlement west of
the Appalachians.
◼ This upset colonists who wanted
to move west into the new area.
Causes of the American Revolution
Stamp Act of 1765
◼ Tax on printed materials such as
newspaper, pamphlets, and
other public documents
◼ Colonists boycotted the tax and
protested against it.
Causes of the American Revolution
Mercantilism
◼ The British controlled colonial trade and businesses.
◼ Colonists boycotted the tax and protested against it.
◼ Riots (such as the Boston Massacre), boycotts, and harassment of tax collectors were common
Causes of the American Revolution
Intolerable Acts
◼ As punishment for the Boston
Tea Party, the British enforced
the Intolerable Acts in
Massachusetts:
1. Closed Boston Harbor
2. Allowed British soldiers to live in
unoccupied colonial houses
3. Banned town meetings
4. Accused officials will be tried in
England
Causes of the American Revolution
Taxation Without Representation
◼ Colonists were outraged they had no authority to represent
themselves in what to tax and how much to pay.
Day 2 - Grade 8 STAAR Review
Based on the information we just covered answer questions 1 - 5 on your Review
WAR BEGINS!
Battles of
Lexington and Concord
◼ In April 1775, British troops
and colonial “Minutemen”
broke into warfare when the
British tried to arrest Patriot
leaders near Boston, MA.
▪ Paul Revere’s Ride
▪ The Shot Heard ‘Round the World
Declaration of Independence
Independence Declared
◼ On July 4, 1776, the Second
Continental Congress declared
the colonies free and
independent from England.
◼ Defined unalienable rights as:
▪ LIFE
▪ LIBERTY
▪ PURSUIT of HAPPINESS
Colonial Grievances
Colonial Grievances in the
Declaration of IndependenceProvision in the
US Constitution
The king had absolute power. Checks and balances limit the power of the
executive.
Colonials were taxed without their consent. Only Congress, as the representative of the
people, can levy taxes.
The king made war against colonials. Only Congress can declare war.
The king suspended trial by jury. Citizens are guaranteed speedy and fair trials.
The king required that citizens quarter
soldiers.
No one can be forced to keep soldiers in his
home in times of peace.
The king took away the rights of people. Freedom of religion, speech, press, and
assembly are guaranteed.
Establishing a Government
Articles of Confederation
◼ 1777 – 1781
◼ Created US Government
◼ Strengths:
▪ foreign treaties
▪ national army
▪ westward expansion
◼ Weakness:
▪ could not tax
▪ no executive or judicial power
▪ no regulation of commerce
The American Revolutionary War
Battle of Saratoga◼ September/October 1777
◼ Turning point in the War for the Americans
◼ French support followed the victory
Winter at Valley Forge◼ Winter of 1777-1778 camp
◼ Starvation and sickness
◼ 2,500 out of 12,000 soldiers died
The American Revolutionary War
Battle of Yorktown◼ October 1781
◼ American victory ended the War
Treaty of Paris - 1783◼ Formal end to the American Revolution
◼ England recognized American as independent
Day 2 - Grade 8 STAAR Review
◼Based on the information we just covered answer questions 6 - 11 on your review.
◼Finish 1 - 18 Vocabulary
◼Answer pg. 2-3 on your STAAR Study packet“The American Revolution”
◼Quiz on covering Day 2 tomorrow!
Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 3
The ConstitutionREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 4E, 7C, 15A, 15C, 17A
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Today’s Objectives:
• Analyze the arguments for/against ratification
• Analyze the impact of slavery on the
Constitution
• Identify the influence of historic documents
• Analyze the arguments of the Federalists and
Anti-Federalists
The US Constitution
The Need for a New Document
◼ The Articles of Confederation could not
sustain a long-term government.
◼ States were taxing goods from other states.
◼ Each state printed its own money.
◼ No federal funding system
Constitutional Convention of 1787
Key Influences
◼ Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights – The
king of England’s protection for individual rights
and approved taxation
◼ Mayflower Compact – Self-governing
agreement reached by the Pilgrims at Cape
Cod in 1620
◼ Federalist Papers – A set of essays written in
support of the ratification of the Constitution
The Big Issues
FEDERALISTS ANTI-FEDERALISTSAlexander Hamilton and James Madison Thomas Jefferson and George Mason
Strong NATIONAL government Strong STATE governments
Viewed presidential power as necessary Feared presidential power
Concerned with national prosperity Concerned with individual prosperity
Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson
The Compromise
Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson
• The FEDERALISTS gained enough support for ratification to create a strong national
government.
• The ANTI-FEDERALIST got the protection of individual freedoms they sought.
Slavery and the Constitution
Northern and Southern states reach a compromise on how slave
population would be counted in Congressional representation for each
state. This became known as the Three-Fifths Compromise.
Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 4
The Constitution (continued)READINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 15D, 16A, 18A, 19A, 19B, and 25C
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Today’s Objectives:
• Analyze how the U.S. Constitution reflects:
• limited government, republicanism,
checks and balances, federalism,
separation of powers, popular
sovereignty, and individual rights
• Summarize rights guaranteed in the Bill of
Rights
• Summarize the purposes for and process of
amending the U.S. Constitution
Constitutional Convention of 1787
Key Principles
◼ Republicanism – elected representatives
should make and enforce laws
◼ Popular Sovereignty – authority to govern
comes from the people
◼ Limited Government – only has powers
established in the Constitution
◼ Separation of Powers – three independent
branches with system of checks and balances
The Bill of Rights
Amendment Summary of Right or Protection
Amendment 1 Right to the freedom of speech and religion
Amendment 2 Right to own guns
Amendment 3 No quartering of soldiers
Amendment 4 No searches or seizures without warrant
Amendment 5 No trial without a Grand Jury deciding there is enough evidence
Amendment 6 Right to a speedy and public trial by a jury of his peers
Amendment 7 Right to a jury in a civil case
Amendment 8 No cruel and unusual punishments and no excessive bail
Amendment 9 Rights beyond those listed in the Constitution
Amendment 10 Right of States outside of the Constitution
Amending the Constitution
2/3 of Congress
votes to propose
new amendment
OR
2/3 of States ask
Congress to call a
National Convention
3/4 of State
Legislatures approve
OR
Ratifying conventions
in 3/4 of the states
approve
Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 5
The Early RepublicREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 5A, 5C, 5E, 6A, and 18A
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Today’s Objectives:• Describe major domestic problems faced by the
leaders of the new republic
• Explain the origin and development of American
political parties
• Identify the foreign policies of presidents
Washington through Monroe
• Explain how the Northwest Ordinance provided
orderly expansion
• Identify the origin of judicial review
Early Problems of Young America
Early Problems
◼ Large amount of debt from the Revolutionary War
◼ No national currency
◼ No regular military for national security
◼ No court system
The Birth of Political Parties
Different Ideas on How to Solve Problems
Federalists Priorities Republican Priorities
Leader – Alexander Hamilton Leader – Thomas Jefferson
Wanted a central bank to build US credit, pay war debt, and create national security
Opposed to a central bank, most southern states were debt-free
Wanted “sin” taxes on liquor and luxury taxes
Taxes were unfair to small, western farmers
For higher tariffs to create revenue Against tariffs that would hurt agriculture
Loose interpretation of the Constitution Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Foreign Policies of Early Presidents
GEORGE WASHINGTON
1789 – 1797
• Neutrality Proclamation – refused to take
part in war between England and France
• Farewell Address – warned against
political parties, national debt, foreign
alliances, influential military, and decline in
moral values
Foreign Policies of Early Presidents
JOHN ADAMS
1797 – 1801
• XYZ Affair – US diplomats insulted by a
demand of a bribe in order to negotiate a
resolution with France
• Quasi-War with France – avoided war with
France despite a strong influence from
others to engage in war
Foreign Policies of Early Presidents
THOMAS JEFFERSON
1801 – 1809
• Louisiana Purchase – 1803 expansion of
US territory that doubled the size of the
nation; gained the port of New Orleans
• Embargo Act – banned trade with Europe
and devastated the US economy
Foreign Policies of Early Presidents
JAMES MADISON
1809 – 1817
• War of 1812 – Conflict with Britain over the
impressment of US sailors that proved the
nation could defend itself
Foreign Policies of Early Presidents
JAMES MONROE
1817 – 1825
• Florida – Purchased Florida from Spain
• Monroe Doctrine – Warned that the US
would resist any attempt from European
nations to recolonize or claim land in the
Western Hemisphere
Establishment of Judicial Review
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• First establish case of judicial review on
whether a law passed by congress was
unconstitutional
• Decision by first Chief Justice John
Marshall
• Ruled Judiciary Act was unconstitutional
Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 6
The Age of JacksonREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 5C, 7C, 15D, 17B, and 18A
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Today’s Objectives:• Analyze the impact of slavery on different sections
of the United States
• Explain the origin and development of American
political parties
• Explain constitutional issues arising over the issue
of states' rights, including the Nullification Crisis
• Explain how the Northwest Ordinance provided
orderly expansion
• Identify the origin of judicial review
The Age of Jackson
ANDREW JACKSON
• President from 1828 – 1837
• Key Issues of Presidency
• Nullification Crisis
• Indian Removal Act
• Trail of Tears
• Ending of “Spoils System”
• Beginning of “Jacksonian Democracy”
Northwest Ordinance
Northwest Ordinance
• Law passed to address the
western territory north of the Ohio
River and east of the Mississippi
• Territory was eligible for statehood
when population reached 60,000
• Guaranteed civil liberties and
prohibited slavery
• Many areas gained statehood
during the Jacksonian Era
Slavery and the Cotton Gin
• Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
• Increase the profitability of cotton farming
• Increase in cotton plantations = Increase in slavery
Nullification Crisis
South Carolina Goes Rogue
• South Carolina declared the Tariff
of 1832 illegal within its own state
• South Carolina threaten to secede
• Jackson threatened force
• South Carolina backed down but
asserted it had the right to nullify
federal law and could secede
• NOTE: South Carolina goes rogue
again 29 years later (1861).
McCulloch vs. Maryland
War on the Bank
• Supreme Court declared the bank
constitutional in McCulloch v.
Maryland
• Still, Jackson wanted to eliminate
the National Bank
• Shifted money to State Banks
Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 7
Westward Expansion and SectionalismREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 6B, 6D, 7C, 10B, 11A, 12D, and 23A
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Today’s Objectives:
• Explain the political, economic, and social
roots of Manifest Destiny
• Explain the causes and effects of the US-
Mexican War
• Compare places and regions of the US
• Analyze economic differences among
different regions of the US
• Identify selected racial, ethnic, and religious
groups reasons for immigration
Manifest Destiny
• Many believed it was the God-given destiny of the United States to
control all lands from East to West Coasts
• Influenced domestic and foreign policies
• Growth of US Territory:
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• Florida Purchase (1819)
• Annexation of Texas (1845)
• Oregon Territory (1846)
• Mexican Cession (1848)
• Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Reasons for Manifest Destiny
• Expand democracy
• Secure borders against threats from
England, Spain, or Russia
• Future prosperity
• Pioneer spirit and individualism
• Romantic view of the West
US - Mexican War
• CAUSES
• US annexed Texas in 1845;
Mexico still claimed Texas
• US wanted California
(Manifest Destiny)
• US owed money by Mexico
• EFFECTS
• US purchased Mexican
Cession for $15 Million
• US army gained tactics used
in Civil War
Sectionalism
THE WEST
• Lightly populated
• Mixture of ethnic groups
• Few slaves
• A lot of land and resources
• Farming
• Mining
• Fur trapping
THE NORTH
• Big cities and high population
• Social reform
• Factories
• Cool climate and rivers
• Fishing
• Shipping and trading THE SOUTH
• Plantations
• Large slave population
• Low population growth
• Warm climate
• Farming
• Distinct class system
Irish and German Immigration
• In 2000, 70% of US citizens had Irish or German heritage.
• Top two immigrant groups of the mid-1800s
• Germans – escaping political turmoil in Germany
• Irish – famine in Ireland, over 1,000,000 died
Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 8
Industrialization and Cultural ReformREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 6B, 6D, 7C, 10B, 11A, 12D, and 23A
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Today’s Objectives:
• Identify the economic factors that brought
about rapid industrialization and urbanization
• Evaluate the impact of reform movements
• Explain the effects of technological and
scientific innovations
• Analyze the impact of transportation and
communication systems
Industrialization/Urbanization
Increase in factories &
manufactured goods
People moved to
cities for jobs
Technology
advances efficiency
INDUSTRIALIZATION
URBANIZATION
Cultural Reform Efforts
• Second Great Awakening – National spiritual revival from 1820 to 1860
• Lead to many reform efforts such as:
• Abolitionism – Movement to end slavery
• Prison Reform – Fair treatment of inmates (Eliza Farnham)
• Care for Mentally Ill – Dedicated hospitals (Dorothy Dix)
• Education for All – Public funding of schools (Horace Mann)
• Women’s Rights – Voting suffrage (Seneca Falls Convention)
• Temperance Movement – Outlawing alcohol
Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 9
Civil WarREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 8B, 17B, and 18A
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Today’s Objectives:
• Explain the causes of the Civil War
• Explain the significant events of the Civil War
• Explain constitutional issues arising over the
Civil War
Setting the Stage – The Civil War
◼ Reason #1 – SLAVERY
◼ Many attempts to try to compromise this issue:▪ Missouri Compromise – 1820
▪ Compromise of 1850
▪ Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854
◼ Supreme Court▪ Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Setting the Stage – The Civil War
◼ Reason #2 – STATES’ RIGHTS
▪ Southern states believed they had the right to nullify federal laws and secede from the United States
◼ Reason #3 – SECTIONALISM
▪ The North and South had grown apart in values, culture, political goals, and economic interests.
The Leaders
THE SOUTH THE NORTHThe Presidents
Jefferson Davis
vs.
Abraham Lincoln
The Generals
Robert E. Lee
vs.
Ulysses S. Grant
Significant Battles of The Civil War
◼ FIRING ON FORT SUMTER▪ South Carolina Goes Rogue, Part 2
▪ Lincoln's victory in the Election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's secession
▪ South Carolina forces fired on Fort Sumter in April 1861
◼ BATTLE OF ANTIETAM▪ September 17, 1862
▪ Single bloodiest day of the Civil War
▪ Strategically a Union victory
Significant Battles of The Civil War
◼ BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG▪ Deadliest battle of the Civil War
▪ July 1-4, 1863
▪ Union victory
▪ 8,000 killed in three days
◼ BATTLE OF VICKSBURG▪ Occurred same time as Gettysburg
▪ Union victory and control of the Mississippi River
Emancipation Proclamation
◼ President Lincoln declared slaves free through Executive Order on January 1, 1863.
◼ The Proclamation applied in the ten states that were still in rebellion in 1863.
Surrender at Appomattox
◼ Following a Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox, General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865
◼ Effectively ended the Civil War
Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 10
ReconstructionREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 9C, 16A, 16B, and 19A
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Today’s Objectives:
• Explain the economic, political, and social
problems during Reconstruction
• Describe the impact of the 13th, 14th, and
15th amendments
• Summarize the purposes for and process of
amending the U.S. Constitution
Post War Issues
◼ Large number of freed slaves that need assistance
◼ Bringing the rebel States back into the Union
◼ Amendments needed to be added to the Constitution to outlaw slavery
Freedman’s Bureau
◼ US Government established the Freedman’s Bureau to provide education, food, and medical care to former slaves.
Black Codes and the KKK
◼ As Union troops withdrew from the South after Reconstruction, many states passed “Black Code” laws to suppress freedoms of former slaves.
◼ A new racial terrorist group, the Ku Klux Klan, harassed many freed slaves.
Grade 8 Social Studies
10-Day STAAR Review
Written by Chris Jackson, Ed.D.
www.hedgehoglearning.com
© Hedgehog Learning
Best wishes to you on the
Social Studies STAAR!
You will do great!