GRADE SOCIAL TUDIES 10-DAY STAAR REVIEW Powers in North American Exploration SPAIN FRANCE Spanish conquistadors conquered much of Central and South America, forcing Native Americans

GRADE 8

SOCIAL STUDIES

10-DAY STAAR

REVIEW

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Grade 8 Social Studies Review


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Grade 8 Social Studies Review DAY 1

Exploration and Colonization of North AmericaREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 2A, 3A, 7C, and 12B


Today’s Objectives:

• Identify reasons for European

exploration and colonization

• Explain the growth of representative

governments

• Analyze the reasons for the spread of

slavery in the colonial period

What is Exploration & Colonialism?

◼ Exploration is the act of seeking and claiming new lands for economic, political, and social gain.

◼ Colonialism is the establishment of settlers and traders outside of a specific country who have common reasons for relocating to a new region.


List four major reasons why European countries sought to explore and colonize North America.

1. ?2. ?3. ?4. ?


List four major reasons why European countries sought to explore and colonize North America.

1. Religious2. Political3. Economic4. Social

European Powers in North American Exploration

SPANIS

H

ENGLISH

DUTCH FRENCH


SPAIN FRANCE

Spanish conquistadors conquered much of Central and South America, forcing Native Americans such as the Aztecs and Incas into slave labor for mining gold, ranching, and farming. The Spanish sent missionaries to the New World to convert native people to Catholicism.

French explorers established New France west of the Mississippi River through the Great Lakes and on into much of present-day Canada. The French sent missionaries and established trading outposts and a few towns to engage in the fur trade with Native Americans.


ENGLAND HOLLAND

Dutch explorers claimed control of the Hudson River Valley and established New Amsterdam (New York). The Dutch West India Company merchants traded fur with native peoples, making New Amsterdam and its natural harbor a leading center for trade in the New World.

At war with Spain, England wanted to match the wealth Spain created in the New World through the establishment of thirteen colonies along the Atlantic Coast for various reasons, including political, economic, and religious motivations.

Economic Example for Colonization

Jamestown in 1607

Virginia Company, a private English business, established a colony on the James River in Virginia in hopes of profiting from gold, and in later years, tobacco. Most of the first settlers did not survive the first two winters.

Religious Example for Colonization

Plymouth Colony in 1620

Religious separatists (Pilgrims) unhappy with the Church of England established the first permanent settlement in present-day Massachusetts to escape religious persecution.

Political Example for Colonization

New York in 1664

Holland, at war with England, surrendered New Amsterdam out of fear of English warships and invasion. England gained the colony out of political force and renamed it New York.

Social Example for Colonization

Georgia in 1733

James Ogelthorpe formed the colony of Georgia in 1733 as a place for imprisoned debtors and convicts sent from England.

The Rise of Self-Government

What are three major reasons colonists sought self-government in the English colonies?

1. ?2. ?3. ?


What are three major reasons colonists sought self-government in the English colonies?

1. Distance from England2. Need for Legal Structure3. Traditional Rights of Englishmen


Mayflower Compact (1620) – The Pilgrims agreed to self-government in the Plymouth Colony

House of Burgesses (1619) – The colony of Virginia established an elected representative assembly.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) –Three towns in Connecticut agreed on individual rights, elective government, and self-rule.

Slavery in Colonial America

• Slave trading began in colonial

America in the mid-1600s to

provide labor primarily for large-

scale farming in the southern

colonies.

• Although the northern colonies had

some slaves, their population was

one-tenth of that in the southern

colonies.

• The number of slaves in the

southern colonies increased from

13,000 in 1690 to over 125,000 in

1740.

Triangular Slave Trade - 1750

Triangular Slave Trade - 1750

Discussion Point:

Why do you think many

European nations did

nothing to stop slavery in

the American colonies?

On your Notecard

Name: _______Quiz: Day 1

1.

2.

3.

4.

Day 1 Exploration & Colonization - Quiz

1. What was the primary reason for English colonization of Jamestown in 1607

near the James River?

a. wealth creation (gold)

b. creating a new social structure (glory)

c. religious freedom (God)

d. political alliances w/ other countries (glory)

1. The establishment of the House of Burgesses in 1619 & creation of

Mayflower Compact in 1620 indicated the colonist understood the

importance of:

a. establishing self - government

b. submission to English authority

c. protection of natural resources

d. creating revenue through taxation

Day 1 Exploration & Colonization - Quiz

3. The dependence of the southern colonies on farming lead to which of

the following occurrences?

a. the governors of southern colonies established laws to protect labor rights &

fair wages.

b. the economic influence of the southern colonies decreased

c. the king of England increased taxation on the revenue of cotton, tobacco, &

coffee

d. the demand for labor increased the profitability of the trans-Atlantic slave trade

4. Defines the time of American History prior to 1776

a. Industrial Revolution

b. Colonial Period

c. Plantations

d. War of 1812

5. Colonization for the purpose of wealth creation (gold)

a. Economic gain

b. Social Benefitc. Religious Freedom

d. Individual Rights


American RevolutionREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 4A, 4C, 15C, 19A



• Analyze causes of the American Revolution

• Explain the issues surrounding important

events of the American Revolution

• Identify colonial grievances listed in the

Declaration of Independence

• Define and give examples of unalienable

rights

Causes of the American Revolution

Proclamation of 1763

◼ British gained control of a lot of

new land after the French and

Indian Wars (1763).

◼ British forbid settlement west of

the Appalachians.

◼ This upset colonists who wanted

to move west into the new area.


Stamp Act of 1765

◼ Tax on printed materials such as

newspaper, pamphlets, and

other public documents

◼ Colonists boycotted the tax and

protested against it.


Mercantilism

◼ The British controlled colonial trade and businesses.

◼ Colonists boycotted the tax and protested against it.

◼ Riots (such as the Boston Massacre), boycotts, and harassment of tax collectors were common


Intolerable Acts

◼ As punishment for the Boston

Tea Party, the British enforced

the Intolerable Acts in

Massachusetts:

1. Closed Boston Harbor

2. Allowed British soldiers to live in

unoccupied colonial houses

3. Banned town meetings

4. Accused officials will be tried in

England


Taxation Without Representation

◼ Colonists were outraged they had no authority to represent

themselves in what to tax and how much to pay.

Day 2 - Grade 8 STAAR Review

Based on the information we just covered answer questions 1 - 5 on your Review

WAR BEGINS!

Battles of

Lexington and Concord

◼ In April 1775, British troops

and colonial “Minutemen”

broke into warfare when the

British tried to arrest Patriot

leaders near Boston, MA.

▪ Paul Revere’s Ride

▪ The Shot Heard ‘Round the World

Declaration of Independence

Independence Declared

◼ On July 4, 1776, the Second

Continental Congress declared

the colonies free and

independent from England.

◼ Defined unalienable rights as:

▪ LIFE

▪ LIBERTY

▪ PURSUIT of HAPPINESS

Colonial Grievances

Colonial Grievances in the

Declaration of IndependenceProvision in the

US Constitution

The king had absolute power. Checks and balances limit the power of the

executive.

Colonials were taxed without their consent. Only Congress, as the representative of the

people, can levy taxes.

The king made war against colonials. Only Congress can declare war.

The king suspended trial by jury. Citizens are guaranteed speedy and fair trials.

The king required that citizens quarter

soldiers.

No one can be forced to keep soldiers in his

home in times of peace.

The king took away the rights of people. Freedom of religion, speech, press, and

assembly are guaranteed.

Establishing a Government

Articles of Confederation

◼ 1777 – 1781

◼ Created US Government

◼ Strengths:

▪ foreign treaties

▪ national army

▪ westward expansion

◼ Weakness:

▪ could not tax

▪ no executive or judicial power

▪ no regulation of commerce

The American Revolutionary War

Battle of Saratoga◼ September/October 1777

◼ Turning point in the War for the Americans

◼ French support followed the victory

Winter at Valley Forge◼ Winter of 1777-1778 camp

◼ Starvation and sickness

◼ 2,500 out of 12,000 soldiers died

The American Revolutionary War

Battle of Yorktown◼ October 1781

◼ American victory ended the War

Treaty of Paris - 1783◼ Formal end to the American Revolution

◼ England recognized American as independent

Day 2 - Grade 8 STAAR Review

◼Based on the information we just covered answer questions 6 - 11 on your review.

◼Finish 1 - 18 Vocabulary

◼Answer pg. 2-3 on your STAAR Study packet“The American Revolution”

◼Quiz on covering Day 2 tomorrow!


The ConstitutionREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 4E, 7C, 15A, 15C, 17A



• Analyze the arguments for/against ratification

• Analyze the impact of slavery on the

Constitution

• Identify the influence of historic documents

• Analyze the arguments of the Federalists and

Anti-Federalists

The US Constitution

The Need for a New Document

◼ The Articles of Confederation could not

sustain a long-term government.

◼ States were taxing goods from other states.

◼ Each state printed its own money.

◼ No federal funding system

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Key Influences

◼ Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights – The

king of England’s protection for individual rights

and approved taxation

◼ Mayflower Compact – Self-governing

agreement reached by the Pilgrims at Cape

Cod in 1620

◼ Federalist Papers – A set of essays written in

support of the ratification of the Constitution

The Big Issues

FEDERALISTS ANTI-FEDERALISTSAlexander Hamilton and James Madison Thomas Jefferson and George Mason

Strong NATIONAL government Strong STATE governments

Viewed presidential power as necessary Feared presidential power

Concerned with national prosperity Concerned with individual prosperity

Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

The Compromise

Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

• The FEDERALISTS gained enough support for ratification to create a strong national

government.

• The ANTI-FEDERALIST got the protection of individual freedoms they sought.

Slavery and the Constitution

Northern and Southern states reach a compromise on how slave

population would be counted in Congressional representation for each

state. This became known as the Three-Fifths Compromise.


The Constitution (continued)READINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 15D, 16A, 18A, 19A, 19B, and 25C



• Analyze how the U.S. Constitution reflects:

• limited government, republicanism,

checks and balances, federalism,

separation of powers, popular

sovereignty, and individual rights

• Summarize rights guaranteed in the Bill of

Rights

• Summarize the purposes for and process of

amending the U.S. Constitution

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Key Principles

◼ Republicanism – elected representatives

should make and enforce laws

◼ Popular Sovereignty – authority to govern

comes from the people

◼ Limited Government – only has powers

established in the Constitution

◼ Separation of Powers – three independent

branches with system of checks and balances

The Bill of Rights

Amendment Summary of Right or Protection

Amendment 1 Right to the freedom of speech and religion

Amendment 2 Right to own guns

Amendment 3 No quartering of soldiers

Amendment 4 No searches or seizures without warrant

Amendment 5 No trial without a Grand Jury deciding there is enough evidence

Amendment 6 Right to a speedy and public trial by a jury of his peers

Amendment 7 Right to a jury in a civil case

Amendment 8 No cruel and unusual punishments and no excessive bail

Amendment 9 Rights beyond those listed in the Constitution

Amendment 10 Right of States outside of the Constitution

Amending the Constitution

2/3 of Congress

votes to propose

new amendment

OR

2/3 of States ask

Congress to call a

National Convention

3/4 of State

Legislatures approve

OR

Ratifying conventions

in 3/4 of the states

approve


The Early RepublicREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 5A, 5C, 5E, 6A, and 18A


Today’s Objectives:• Describe major domestic problems faced by the

leaders of the new republic

• Explain the origin and development of American

political parties

• Identify the foreign policies of presidents

Washington through Monroe

• Explain how the Northwest Ordinance provided

orderly expansion

• Identify the origin of judicial review

Early Problems of Young America

Early Problems

◼ Large amount of debt from the Revolutionary War

◼ No national currency

◼ No regular military for national security

◼ No court system

The Birth of Political Parties

Different Ideas on How to Solve Problems

Federalists Priorities Republican Priorities

Leader – Alexander Hamilton Leader – Thomas Jefferson

Wanted a central bank to build US credit, pay war debt, and create national security

Opposed to a central bank, most southern states were debt-free

Wanted “sin” taxes on liquor and luxury taxes

Taxes were unfair to small, western farmers

For higher tariffs to create revenue Against tariffs that would hurt agriculture

Loose interpretation of the Constitution Strict interpretation of the Constitution

Foreign Policies of Early Presidents

GEORGE WASHINGTON

1789 – 1797

• Neutrality Proclamation – refused to take

part in war between England and France

• Farewell Address – warned against

political parties, national debt, foreign

alliances, influential military, and decline in

moral values


JOHN ADAMS

1797 – 1801

• XYZ Affair – US diplomats insulted by a

demand of a bribe in order to negotiate a

resolution with France

• Quasi-War with France – avoided war with

France despite a strong influence from

others to engage in war


THOMAS JEFFERSON

1801 – 1809

• Louisiana Purchase – 1803 expansion of

US territory that doubled the size of the

nation; gained the port of New Orleans

• Embargo Act – banned trade with Europe

and devastated the US economy


JAMES MADISON

1809 – 1817

• War of 1812 – Conflict with Britain over the

impressment of US sailors that proved the

nation could defend itself


JAMES MONROE

1817 – 1825

• Florida – Purchased Florida from Spain

• Monroe Doctrine – Warned that the US

would resist any attempt from European

nations to recolonize or claim land in the

Western Hemisphere

Establishment of Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• First establish case of judicial review on

whether a law passed by congress was

unconstitutional

• Decision by first Chief Justice John

Marshall

• Ruled Judiciary Act was unconstitutional


The Age of JacksonREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 5C, 7C, 15D, 17B, and 18A


Today’s Objectives:• Analyze the impact of slavery on different sections

of the United States

• Explain the origin and development of American

political parties

• Explain constitutional issues arising over the issue

of states' rights, including the Nullification Crisis

• Explain how the Northwest Ordinance provided

orderly expansion

• Identify the origin of judicial review

The Age of Jackson

ANDREW JACKSON

• President from 1828 – 1837

• Key Issues of Presidency

• Nullification Crisis

• Indian Removal Act

• Trail of Tears

• Ending of “Spoils System”

• Beginning of “Jacksonian Democracy”

Northwest Ordinance

Northwest Ordinance

• Law passed to address the

western territory north of the Ohio

River and east of the Mississippi

• Territory was eligible for statehood

when population reached 60,000

• Guaranteed civil liberties and

prohibited slavery

• Many areas gained statehood

during the Jacksonian Era

Slavery and the Cotton Gin

• Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

• Increase the profitability of cotton farming

• Increase in cotton plantations = Increase in slavery

Slavery in 1790 vs. 1830

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina Goes Rogue

• South Carolina declared the Tariff

of 1832 illegal within its own state

• South Carolina threaten to secede

• Jackson threatened force

• South Carolina backed down but

asserted it had the right to nullify

federal law and could secede

• NOTE: South Carolina goes rogue

again 29 years later (1861).

McCulloch vs. Maryland

War on the Bank

• Supreme Court declared the bank

constitutional in McCulloch v.

Maryland

• Still, Jackson wanted to eliminate

the National Bank

• Shifted money to State Banks

Indian Removal Act of 1830 and The Trail of Tears


Westward Expansion and SectionalismREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 6B, 6D, 7C, 10B, 11A, 12D, and 23A



• Explain the political, economic, and social

roots of Manifest Destiny

• Explain the causes and effects of the US-

Mexican War

• Compare places and regions of the US

• Analyze economic differences among

different regions of the US

• Identify selected racial, ethnic, and religious

groups reasons for immigration

Manifest Destiny

• Many believed it was the God-given destiny of the United States to

control all lands from East to West Coasts

• Influenced domestic and foreign policies

• Growth of US Territory:

• Louisiana Purchase (1803)

• Florida Purchase (1819)

• Annexation of Texas (1845)

• Oregon Territory (1846)

• Mexican Cession (1848)

• Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Manifest Destiny

Reasons for Manifest Destiny

• Expand democracy

• Secure borders against threats from

England, Spain, or Russia

• Future prosperity

• Pioneer spirit and individualism

• Romantic view of the West

US - Mexican War

• CAUSES

• US annexed Texas in 1845;

Mexico still claimed Texas

• US wanted California

(Manifest Destiny)

• US owed money by Mexico

• EFFECTS

• US purchased Mexican

Cession for $15 Million

• US army gained tactics used

in Civil War

Sectionalism

THE WEST

• Lightly populated

• Mixture of ethnic groups

• Few slaves

• A lot of land and resources

• Farming

• Mining

• Fur trapping

THE NORTH

• Big cities and high population

• Social reform

• Factories

• Cool climate and rivers

• Fishing

• Shipping and trading THE SOUTH

• Plantations

• Large slave population

• Low population growth

• Warm climate

• Farming

• Distinct class system

Irish and German Immigration

• In 2000, 70% of US citizens had Irish or German heritage.

• Top two immigrant groups of the mid-1800s

• Germans – escaping political turmoil in Germany

• Irish – famine in Ireland, over 1,000,000 died


Industrialization and Cultural ReformREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 6B, 6D, 7C, 10B, 11A, 12D, and 23A



• Identify the economic factors that brought

about rapid industrialization and urbanization

• Evaluate the impact of reform movements

• Explain the effects of technological and

scientific innovations

• Analyze the impact of transportation and

communication systems

Industrialization/Urbanization

Increase in factories &

manufactured goods

People moved to

cities for jobs

Technology

advances efficiency

INDUSTRIALIZATION

URBANIZATION

Technological Advancements

STEAMBOATS

INTERCHANGEABLE

PARTS

CANALS

TELEGRAPH

RAILROADS

Railroad Network in 1860 vs. 1890

1860

1890

Canal Network in 1850

Cultural Reform Efforts

• Second Great Awakening – National spiritual revival from 1820 to 1860

• Lead to many reform efforts such as:

• Abolitionism – Movement to end slavery

• Prison Reform – Fair treatment of inmates (Eliza Farnham)

• Care for Mentally Ill – Dedicated hospitals (Dorothy Dix)

• Education for All – Public funding of schools (Horace Mann)

• Women’s Rights – Voting suffrage (Seneca Falls Convention)

• Temperance Movement – Outlawing alcohol


Civil WarREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 8B, 17B, and 18A



• Explain the causes of the Civil War

• Explain the significant events of the Civil War

• Explain constitutional issues arising over the

Civil War

Setting the Stage – The Civil War

◼ Reason #1 – SLAVERY

◼ Many attempts to try to compromise this issue:▪ Missouri Compromise – 1820

▪ Compromise of 1850

▪ Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854

◼ Supreme Court▪ Dred Scott Decision (1857)


◼ Reason #2 – STATES’ RIGHTS

▪ Southern states believed they had the right to nullify federal laws and secede from the United States

◼ Reason #3 – SECTIONALISM

▪ The North and South had grown apart in values, culture, political goals, and economic interests.


NORTHSOUTH

The Leaders

THE SOUTH THE NORTHThe Presidents

Jefferson Davis

vs.

Abraham Lincoln

The Generals

Robert E. Lee

vs.

Ulysses S. Grant

Significant Battles of The Civil War

◼ FIRING ON FORT SUMTER▪ South Carolina Goes Rogue, Part 2

▪ Lincoln's victory in the Election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's secession

▪ South Carolina forces fired on Fort Sumter in April 1861

◼ BATTLE OF ANTIETAM▪ September 17, 1862

▪ Single bloodiest day of the Civil War

▪ Strategically a Union victory

Significant Battles of The Civil War

◼ BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG▪ Deadliest battle of the Civil War

▪ July 1-4, 1863

▪ Union victory

▪ 8,000 killed in three days

◼ BATTLE OF VICKSBURG▪ Occurred same time as Gettysburg

▪ Union victory and control of the Mississippi River

Emancipation Proclamation

◼ President Lincoln declared slaves free through Executive Order on January 1, 1863.

◼ The Proclamation applied in the ten states that were still in rebellion in 1863.

Surrender at Appomattox

◼ Following a Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox, General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865

◼ Effectively ended the Civil War

Lincoln is Assassinated

◼ President Lincoln is assassinated by John W. Booth on April 14, 1865


ReconstructionREADINESS STANDARDS – TEKS 9C, 16A, 16B, and 19A



• Explain the economic, political, and social

problems during Reconstruction

• Describe the impact of the 13th, 14th, and

15th amendments

• Summarize the purposes for and process of

amending the U.S. Constitution

Post War Issues

◼ Large number of freed slaves that need assistance

◼ Bringing the rebel States back into the Union

◼ Amendments needed to be added to the Constitution to outlaw slavery

Freedman’s Bureau

◼ US Government established the Freedman’s Bureau to provide education, food, and medical care to former slaves.

Black Codes and the KKK

◼ As Union troops withdrew from the South after Reconstruction, many states passed “Black Code” laws to suppress freedoms of former slaves.

◼ A new racial terrorist group, the Ku Klux Klan, harassed many freed slaves.

New Constitutional Amendments

13th Amendment

ENDED

SLAVERY


14th Amendment

Granted

CITIZENSHIPto all former slaves.


15th Amendment

Extended the

RIGHT TO

VOTE to all former slaves.

Constitutional Amendment Process

Grade 8 Social Studies

10-Day STAAR Review

Written by Chris Jackson, Ed.D.

www.hedgehoglearning.com


Best wishes to you on the

Social Studies STAAR!

You will do great!

http://www.hedgehoglearning.com/

Documents

GRADE SOCIAL TUDIES 10-DAY STAAR REVIEW Powers in North American Exploration SPAIN FRANCE Spanish conquistadors conquered much of Central and South America, forcing Native Americans