AP REVIEW

COLONIZATION TO

RECONSTRUCTION

Pre-Colonial AmericaPre-Colonial America

• Spain – dominant European powerSpain – dominant European power

• Conquistadors – 3 G’sConquistadors – 3 G’s

• Smallpox and the start of slaverySmallpox and the start of slavery

Early English SettlementsEarly English Settlements

• Jamestown – 1606 (Virginia Company)Jamestown – 1606 (Virginia Company)

• Joint-stock company: a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king

• English not prepared – high death rates from starvation and disease (wife jerky)

• Indian relations – one sided benefit• Land wasters

• King Philip’s War – last chance for NE Indians

Growth of Virginia Growth of Virginia (Chesapeake Region)(Chesapeake Region)

• John Rolfe – King tobacco John Rolfe – King tobacco

• Impacts of successImpacts of success– Creates need for more land = end of IndiansCreates need for more land = end of Indians– Creates need for more labor = indentured Creates need for more labor = indentured

servantsservants– Profitability draws more colonistsProfitability draws more colonists– Begins southern single crop dependenceBegins southern single crop dependence– Irony of 1619Irony of 1619

• Virginia House of Burgess (first step to self-gov)Virginia House of Burgess (first step to self-gov)

• First shipment of African slavesFirst shipment of African slaves

Pilgrims and Mass Bay Pilgrims and Mass Bay CompanyCompany

• Puritan movement in England creates Puritan movement in England creates need for new religionneed for new religion– Separatists leave England to create a Separatists leave England to create a

new community in the Americas – new community in the Americas – Mayflower 1620Mayflower 1620

– Mayflower Compact – governments Mayflower Compact – governments power comes from the consent of the power comes from the consent of the governedgoverned

Mass Bay ColonyMass Bay Colony

• ISSUESISSUES– Congregationalists and Separatists do not Congregationalists and Separatists do not

tolerate religious freedom (IRONIC?)tolerate religious freedom (IRONIC?)– Roger Williams banished (creates Rhode Island)Roger Williams banished (creates Rhode Island)– Anne Hutchinson banished for preaching Anne Hutchinson banished for preaching

antinomianism (‘SAVED’ NEED NOT FOLLOW antinomianism (‘SAVED’ NEED NOT FOLLOW MAN’S LAW)MAN’S LAW)

– Witchcraft Trials – result of social and religious Witchcraft Trials – result of social and religious tensionstensions

Development of Proprietary Development of Proprietary Colonies (Gifts from the King)Colonies (Gifts from the King)• Maryland – Lord Baltimore (Catholic) – created as Maryland – Lord Baltimore (Catholic) – created as

a haven for Catholics became partially tolerant of a haven for Catholics became partially tolerant of Protestants (1649)Protestants (1649)

• Pennsylvania – William Penn and the QuakersPennsylvania – William Penn and the Quakers– Pacifist, tolerant (religious and Native American) Pacifist, tolerant (religious and Native American)

• Carolina Carolina – North Carolina (resembles Virginia but more North Carolina (resembles Virginia but more

independent)independent)– South Carolina – settled by Englishmen from Barbados – South Carolina – settled by Englishmen from Barbados –

slave trade risesslave trade rises• Eventually most proprietary colonies returned to Eventually most proprietary colonies returned to

royal ownershiproyal ownership– NE Confederation leads to Dominion of NENE Confederation leads to Dominion of NE

Growth of American SlaveryGrowth of American Slavery

• Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants– Primary source of labor until Bacon’s rebellionPrimary source of labor until Bacon’s rebellion– Headright systemHeadright system

• African SlavesAfrican Slaves– Initially expensive with similar contracts to Initially expensive with similar contracts to

indentured servantsindentured servants– Develops into ‘modern’ version with Develops into ‘modern’ version with

elimination of rights and permanent elimination of rights and permanent (hereditary) status as property(hereditary) status as property

More ColoniesMore Colonies

• New York – Had been New New York – Had been New Netherland until Dutch were Netherland until Dutch were overtakenovertaken

• Georgia – Debtor colony created to Georgia – Debtor colony created to allow repayment through workallow repayment through work

Regional Differences Regional Differences

• Southern Southern – Anglican, single crop, rural, labor dependent, Anglican, single crop, rural, labor dependent,

shorter life spanshorter life span

• New EnglandNew England– Most religious, urban & rural combination, Most religious, urban & rural combination,

diverse economy, longer life span, lowest labor diverse economy, longer life span, lowest labor needsneeds

• MiddleMiddle– Truly middle, tolerant, independent, diverse Truly middle, tolerant, independent, diverse

economy, lower labor needseconomy, lower labor needs

Relationship between the Relationship between the Colonies and BritainColonies and Britain• Policy of salutary neglect stimulates Policy of salutary neglect stimulates

autonomy and self-government while autonomy and self-government while fueling mercantilismfueling mercantilism

• Role and Purpose of Navigation ActsRole and Purpose of Navigation Acts• European struggles for power move to European struggles for power move to

AmericaAmerica– French Indian War – Ohio ValleyFrench Indian War – Ohio Valley– Albany Plan – Common Defense against FrenchAlbany Plan – Common Defense against French– Treaty of Paris 1763 – No French in North Am.Treaty of Paris 1763 – No French in North Am.– Proclamation of 1763 – No colonists west of Proclamation of 1763 – No colonists west of

Appalachian MountainsAppalachian Mountains

Pre-Revolution IssuesPre-Revolution Issues

• Acts for RevenueActs for Revenue– Sugar Act (1Sugar Act (1stst))– Stamp Act (Most Stamp Act (Most

protest)protest)– Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

• Acts for ControlActs for Control– Quartering ActQuartering Act– Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act– Intolerable ActIntolerable Act

• Colonial responsesColonial responses– Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress– Boston MassacreBoston Massacre– Sons of libertySons of liberty– Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party– Committees of Committees of

correspondencecorrespondence– First / Second First / Second

Continental Continental CongressCongress

War for American War for American IndependenceIndependence

• Initial ActionsInitial Actions– Propaganda – Propaganda –

Committees of Committees of CorrespondenceCorrespondence

– Militia Militia – Declaration of Declaration of

IndependenceIndependence– Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition

• Comparing the Comparing the CombatantsCombatants– Colonists ill equipped, Colonists ill equipped,

poorly trained and led poorly trained and led but have HOME FIELD but have HOME FIELD and a motivating causeand a motivating cause

– British have best British have best trained and funded trained and funded army in the world army in the world fighting far from home fighting far from home with weak leaders with weak leaders

Revolutionary IdeologyRevolutionary Ideology

• Enlightenment, Egalitarianism, Civic Enlightenment, Egalitarianism, Civic VirtueVirtue

• Birth of ‘Republican Motherhood’Birth of ‘Republican Motherhood’• Major issues in the new RepublicMajor issues in the new Republic

– Role of popular sovereigntyRole of popular sovereignty– Economic atmosphereEconomic atmosphere– Social atmosphereSocial atmosphere

Outcomes of American Outcomes of American RevolutionRevolution

• Treaty of Paris 1783Treaty of Paris 1783– Independence / Territory / Resumption of TradeIndependence / Territory / Resumption of Trade

• New GovernmentNew Government– Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

• Weak = no executive, no power to tax, collect, or Weak = no executive, no power to tax, collect, or borrow, no power to regulate trade (BIG)borrow, no power to regulate trade (BIG)

– NW OrdinanceNW Ordinance• Rules for territories / statehoodRules for territories / statehood

• Problems lead to Constitutional ConventionProblems lead to Constitutional Convention– Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion

Creation of a ConstitutionCreation of a Constitution

• Compromise = KeyCompromise = Key– NJ Plan: Articles of Conf with more powerNJ Plan: Articles of Conf with more power– VA Plan: Three branches, bicameral leg, VA Plan: Three branches, bicameral leg,

proportional repsproportional reps– Great (Connecticut) Compromise: Great (Connecticut) Compromise:

Proportional rep + uniform repProportional rep + uniform rep– 3/5 Compromise: Settles rep and tax 3/5 Compromise: Settles rep and tax

status of slavesstatus of slaves– No slave discussion till 1807No slave discussion till 1807

Adoption of the ConstitutionAdoption of the Constitution

• Federalist vs. AntifederalistFederalist vs. Antifederalist• Bill of RightsBill of Rights

– PROTECT INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES FROM A STRONG PROTECT INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES FROM A STRONG GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

• GW – First PresidentGW – First President– Jefferson vs. Hamilton Jefferson vs. Hamilton

• Interpretation, Assumption, National Bank, Formation of Interpretation, Assumption, National Bank, Formation of two-party systemtwo-party system

– Key actions (Whiskey Rebellion, Jay’s Treaty, Pinckney’s Key actions (Whiskey Rebellion, Jay’s Treaty, Pinckney’s Treaty)Treaty)

– Elements of Farewell AddressElements of Farewell Address

#2 John Adams#2 John Adams

• No GW – more intellectual but no No GW – more intellectual but no charismacharisma

• Federalist AgendaFederalist Agenda– Peace (X,Y,Z and Convention of 1800)Peace (X,Y,Z and Convention of 1800)– Eliminate opposition (Alien & Sedition)Eliminate opposition (Alien & Sedition)

•KY / VA resolutions = nullificationKY / VA resolutions = nullification

– Pack the courts (Judiciary Act of 1801)Pack the courts (Judiciary Act of 1801)•Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

#3 Thomas Jefferson#3 Thomas Jefferson

• Revolution of 1800Revolution of 1800

• Legacy Legacy – Louisiana Purchase / Lewis & ClarkLouisiana Purchase / Lewis & Clark– Leaves federalist programs intactLeaves federalist programs intact– Leaves problem with France/Britain to Leaves problem with France/Britain to

Madison (Embargo of 1807)Madison (Embargo of 1807)

#4 James Madison /#5 James #4 James Madison /#5 James MonroeMonroe

• MADISONMADISON

• Macon’s Bill No 2 Macon’s Bill No 2

• War of 1812War of 1812– Unity?Unity?– Hartford ConventionHartford Convention

• Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent

• Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816 – Protectionism!!!Protectionism!!!

• MONROEMONROE

• Henry Clay – Henry Clay – American SystemAmerican System

• Panic of 1819Panic of 1819

• Missouri Missouri CompromiseCompromise

• Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

John Marshall and the Supreme John Marshall and the Supreme CourtCourt• Key Decisions:Key Decisions:

– McCulloch v. Maryland – National Bank vs. states McCulloch v. Maryland – National Bank vs. states rightsrights

– Gibbons v. Ogden – Congress only has power to Gibbons v. Ogden – Congress only has power to regulate interstate commerceregulate interstate commerce

– Dartmouth v. Woodward – protects contracts Dartmouth v. Woodward – protects contracts against domination from state governmentsagainst domination from state governments

• Used Supreme Court to define and support Used Supreme Court to define and support Federal governmentFederal government

• Used Supreme Court to limit popular control Used Supreme Court to limit popular control and foster a stable business communityand foster a stable business community

#6 John Quincy Adams#6 John Quincy Adams

– Corrupt Bargain (Clay = Sec of State)Corrupt Bargain (Clay = Sec of State)– Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination)Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination)

• Political football – Scheme to create lose/lose for Political football – Scheme to create lose/lose for AdamsAdams

• NE oks to protect industryNE oks to protect industry• South deeply upset – major consumers of South deeply upset – major consumers of

manufactured goodsmanufactured goods• Potential intrusion into slavery – loss of Potential intrusion into slavery – loss of

prestige/power in federal governmentprestige/power in federal government

– Calhoun authors “The Exposition” – VPCalhoun authors “The Exposition” – VP– Policies increase voter turnout and create the Policies increase voter turnout and create the

“Era of the Common Man”“Era of the Common Man”

#7 Andrew Jackson#7 Andrew Jackson

• IdealsIdeals– JeffersonianJeffersonian– Rags to richesRags to riches– Spoils systemSpoils system– Executive Executive

leadershipleadership– Union firstUnion first

• ActionsActions– Nullification crisisNullification crisis

• SC vs. USSC vs. US

– Indian relocationIndian relocation• Role of the Supreme Role of the Supreme

CourtCourt

– Bank of USBank of US

1830s-1860:1830s-1860:Westward Expansion & Westward Expansion & Sectionalism Sectionalism • Principles that caused territorial expansion Principles that caused territorial expansion

between 1815 and 1860. between 1815 and 1860. • Trace sectionalism from 1810-1850 Trace sectionalism from 1810-1850

through the careers of Clay, Calhoun, and through the careers of Clay, Calhoun, and Webster. Webster.

• Manifest Destiny and the road to war. Manifest Destiny and the road to war. • Impact of Manifest Destiny on both foreign Impact of Manifest Destiny on both foreign

affairs and domestic politics. affairs and domestic politics. • Why was Oregon annexed peacefully, but Why was Oregon annexed peacefully, but

not Texas? not Texas?

Presidents #8-15Presidents #8-15

• MVBMVB

• HarrisonHarrison

• TylerTyler

• PolkPolk

• TaylorTaylor

• Fillmore Fillmore

• PiercePierce

• BuchananBuchanan

People and EventsPeople and Events

Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening • • Mormons Mormons • • Joseph Smith Joseph Smith • • Brigham Young Brigham Young • • Romanticism Romanticism • • Transcendentalism Transcendentalism • • Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson • • Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau • • Brook Farm Brook Farm • • Shakers Shakers • • Oneida Community Oneida Community

Nathanial Hawthorne Nathanial Hawthorne • • Temperance Temperance • • Dorothea Dix Dorothea Dix • • Horace Mann Horace Mann • • Grimke Sisters Grimke Sisters • • Lucretia Mott Lucretia Mott • • Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton • • Seneca Falls Seneca Falls

Convention (1848) Convention (1848) • • Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony

More People and EventsMore People and Events

William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison • • The Liberator The Liberator • • Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass • • Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman • • Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth • • Whigs Whigs • • Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny • • Stephen Austin Stephen Austin • • Sam Houston Sam Houston • • Santa Ana Santa Ana • • Webster-Ashburton Treaty Webster-Ashburton Treaty

(1842) (1842)

Gold Rush Gold Rush • • Samuel F. B. Morse Samuel F. B. Morse • • Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 • • Fugitive Slave Law Fugitive Slave Law • • Underground Railroad Underground Railroad • • Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe • • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • • Know-Nothings Know-Nothings • Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision

The Peculiar InstitutionThe Peculiar Institution• • Slavery from the viewpoint of the slave, the Slavery from the viewpoint of the slave, the

slaveholder, and the non-slaveholding white slaveholder, and the non-slaveholding white Southerner. Southerner.

• • The issue of slavery in the territories. The issue of slavery in the territories. • • Compare the black struggle to achieve freedom with Compare the black struggle to achieve freedom with

the abolitionist struggle to free slaves. the abolitionist struggle to free slaves. • • Blacks in the North: 1790-1860. Blacks in the North: 1790-1860. • • William Lloyd Garrison-->hero or villain of the William Lloyd Garrison-->hero or villain of the

antislavery movement. antislavery movement. • • The Civil War began with the Mexican War!? The Civil War began with the Mexican War!? • • Northerners objected not to slaves but to the political Northerners objected not to slaves but to the political

and economic power and influence slavery gave the and economic power and influence slavery gave the slaveholder in the national government. slaveholder in the national government.

• • Event, person, or place as a symbol of North-South Event, person, or place as a symbol of North-South division, such as Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, or the division, such as Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, or the Crittenden Compromise. Crittenden Compromise.

• • Southern grievances against the North. Southern grievances against the North.

The Peculiar Institution IIThe Peculiar Institution II• • North-South economic differences before the Civil War North-South economic differences before the Civil War

that continued unresolved after it. that continued unresolved after it. • • The 1850s-->a decade of political sectionalism and The 1850s-->a decade of political sectionalism and

economic nationalism. economic nationalism. • • Role of the Supreme Court in the Civil War and Role of the Supreme Court in the Civil War and

Reconstruction. Reconstruction. • • Breakdown of both the Whig and Democratic parties in Breakdown of both the Whig and Democratic parties in

the 1850s and rise of the third party system. the 1850s and rise of the third party system. • • Struggle between the president and Congress for Struggle between the president and Congress for

dominant political power within the federal government, dominant political power within the federal government, 1850-1868. 1850-1868.

• • States’ rights from 1790-1860 for all the sections. States’ rights from 1790-1860 for all the sections. • • When did the Civil War become inevitable and why? When did the Civil War become inevitable and why? • • What causes of the Civil War were resolved by the Civil What causes of the Civil War were resolved by the Civil

War and Reconstruction? War and Reconstruction? • • Was the Republican Party consistent in its policies from Was the Republican Party consistent in its policies from

the 1850s to 1877? the 1850s to 1877? • • Accomplishments and failures of Reconstruction. Accomplishments and failures of Reconstruction.