S. P
eter
Lud
wig
Pr
inci
pal
New
Yor
k C
ity
EL
EC
TR
ON
IC L
AB
NO
TE
BO
OK
S -
“RE
AD
Y F
OR
PR
IME
TIM
E??
”
WH
Y A
RE
LA
B N
OT
EB
OO
KS
IMPO
RT
AN
T IN
RE
SEA
RC
H?
EV
IDE
NC
E O
F IN
VE
NT
OR
SHIP
: C
ON
CE
PTIO
N A
ND
RE
DU
CT
ON
T
O P
RA
CT
ICE
2
REF
RES
HER
ON
INVE
NTI
ON
“C
ON
CEP
TIO
N”
(MEN
TAL
PAR
T)
”C
OM
PLET
E PE
RFO
RM
AN
CE
OF
THE
MEN
TAL
PAR
T O
F TH
E IN
VEN
TIVE
AC
T…..”
Col
eman
v. D
ines
754
F.2
d 35
3, 3
59
(Fed
Cir.
198
5)
“TH
E C
ON
CEI
VED
INVE
NTI
ON
MU
ST IN
CLU
DE
EVER
Y FE
ATU
RE
OF
THE
SUB
JEC
T M
ATTE
R C
LAIM
ED IN
TH
E PA
TEN
T.”
Se
wel
l [v.
Wal
ters
], 21
F.3
d [4
11,]
415
[(Fed
. Cir.
199
4)]
3
“RED
UC
TIO
N T
O P
RA
CTI
CE”
(P
HYS
ICA
L PA
RT)
D
EMO
NST
RAT
ION
TH
AT T
HE
INVE
NTI
ON
W
OR
KS
FOR
ITS
INTE
ND
ED P
UR
POSE
4
EVID
ENC
E O
F IN
VEN
TOR
SHIP
MU
ST
BE
IND
EPEN
DEN
TLY
CO
RR
OB
OR
ATED
FI
NA
OIL
AN
D C
HEM
ICA
L C
O. v
EW
EN 1
23
F.3d
146
6, 1
474
(FED
CIR
199
7)
NEE
D F
OR
CO
RR
OB
OR
ATIO
N S
TEM
S FR
OM
H
ISTO
RIC
AL
DIS
TRU
ST O
F U
NC
OR
RO
BO
RAT
ED
EVID
ENC
E O
F PR
IOR
INVE
NTI
ON
5
CO
RR
OB
OR
ATIO
N
TYPI
CA
LLY
TAK
ES F
OR
M O
F
•TE
STIM
ON
Y O
F C
O-W
OR
KER
S W
HO
AR
E
NO
T N
AM
ED A
S IN
VEN
TOR
S
•N
OTE
BO
OK
REC
OR
D “
SIG
NED
AN
D
UN
DER
STO
OD
” B
Y A
NO
N-IN
VEN
TOR
A
S A
MAT
TER
OF
LAW
, CA
N’T
EST
AB
LISH
IN
VEN
TIO
N D
ATE
WIT
HO
UT
CO
RR
OB
OR
ATIO
N
6
LAB
NO
TEB
OO
K W
IDEL
Y U
SED
TO
OL
FOR
INVE
NTI
ON
D
ATE/
CO
RR
OB
OR
ATIO
N IN
USP
TO IN
TER
FER
ENC
ES
PRO
VIN
G IN
VEN
TIO
N D
ATE
/ CO
RR
OB
OR
ATIO
N
HIS
TOR
ICA
L EV
IDEN
TIA
RY T
OO
L
THE
CLA
SSIC
“PA
PER
” LA
B N
OTE
BO
OK
PR
OPE
RTI
ES:
•C
ON
SEC
UTI
VELY
NU
MB
ERED
PA
GES
•
CO
NTI
NU
OU
S R
ECO
RD
•
Info
rmat
ion
reco
rded
& w
itnes
sed
from
co
ncep
tion
to re
duct
ion
to p
ract
ice
•PE
RM
AN
ENTL
Y PR
ESER
VED
•
Bou
nd B
ook
•Pa
per l
asts
for c
entu
ries
•C
OM
PLET
E •
Ever
ythi
ng in
one
pac
kage
– n
arra
tive,
cor
robo
ratio
n, d
ates
•
REL
IAB
LE
•te
chni
ques
for a
uthe
ntic
atin
g: i
nk &
pap
er d
atin
g
7
AD
VAN
TAG
ES/D
RAW
BA
CK
S
PAPE
R N
OTE
BO
OK
S VS
ELE
CTR
ON
IC N
OTE
BO
OK
S
PAPE
R N
OTE
BO
OK
S:
•LI
MIT
ED C
APA
CIT
Y - H
UG
E D
ATA
DU
MPS
IN M
OD
ERN
RES
EAR
CH
•
RES
TRIC
TED
DAT
A FO
RM
ATS-
NM
R, I
R S
PEC
TRO
GR
APH
S,
PHO
TOG
RA
PHS
•N
O C
ON
NEC
TIO
N T
O O
THER
LO
CAT
ION
S/LA
BS/
PEO
PLE
•H
AR
D T
O S
EAR
CH
- C
AN
’T IN
DEX
KEY
WO
RD
S •
DIF
FIC
ULT
TO
CO
PY A
ND
SH
AR
E •
LON
G D
ELAY
BET
WEE
N E
NTR
Y, S
IGN
ING
AN
D C
OR
RO
BO
RAT
ING
VI
EWED
WIT
H S
USP
ICIO
N
8
AD
VAN
TAG
ES/D
RAW
BA
CK
S EL
ECTR
ON
IC L
AB
NO
TEB
OO
KS
(ELN
) O
VER
CO
ME
DR
AWB
AC
KS
OF
PAPE
R
•EA
SY T
O A
SSEM
BLE
AN
D M
AN
AG
E LA
RG
E
QU
AN
TITI
ES O
F D
ATA
•SE
AR
CH
AB
LE (K
EY/W
OR
D/S
UB
JEC
T)
•ST
OR
E IN
STR
UM
ENT
GEN
ERAT
ED
INFO
RM
ATIO
N/IM
AG
ES
•R
API
D R
ETR
IEVA
L FR
OM
DIS
TAN
T LA
BS
•D
ATA
CA
N B
E SH
AR
ED E
ASI
LY
REA
LITI
ES O
F 21
ST C
ENU
RY R
ESEA
RC
H F
AVO
R E
LN
9
WH
AT IS
AN
ELN
AN
YWAY
??
ELEC
TRO
NIC
REC
OR
D T
HAT
CO
MPL
ETEL
Y R
EPLA
CES
PA
PER
LA
B N
OTE
BO
OK
S
WH
AT A
N E
LN “
IS N
OT”
IN
K S
IGN
ED C
OPY
OF
CO
MPU
TER
PR
INT-
OU
T K
EEPI
NG
PA
PER
REC
OR
DS
IN E
LEC
TRO
NIC
FO
RM
10
IN P
AST
– E
LN’S
FA
ULT
ED B
ECA
USE
NO
T C
LEA
RLY
A
CC
EPTA
BLE
IN L
EGA
L PR
OC
EED
ING
S A
S SU
BST
ITU
TE F
OR
BO
UN
D H
AN
DW
RIT
TEN
R
ECO
RD
S B
ASI
S FO
R U
NW
ILLI
NG
NES
S TO
AC
CEP
T EL
N’S
1)
DAT
ES/E
NTR
IES
SUB
JEC
T TO
TA
MPE
RIN
G
2)H
AR
D T
O P
RO
VE A
UTH
ENTI
CIT
Y O
F SI
GN
ATU
RES
3)C
OM
PUTE
RS
UN
REL
IAB
LE –
PO
WER
LO
SS; S
YSTE
M C
RA
SH;
HA
CK
ING
; UN
CO
NTR
OLL
ED A
CC
ESS
11
ELEC
TRO
NIC
LA
B N
OTE
BO
OK
S A
DVA
NTA
GES
/DIS
AD
VAN
TAG
ES
QU
ESTI
ON
: H
AS
TEC
HN
OLO
GY
OVE
RC
OM
E TH
ESE
DR
AWB
AC
KS?
12
BY
THE
WAY
!
AR
E EL
ECTR
ON
IC R
ECO
RD
S
AD
MIS
SIB
LE
IN P
ATEN
T IN
TER
FER
ENC
ES?
AD
MIS
SIB
ILIT
Y O
F EL
N
USP
TO C
OM
MIS
SIO
NER
S N
OTI
CE
MA
RC
H 1
0, 1
998:
“PU
RSU
AN
T TO
37
CFR
§ 1
.671
,ELE
CTR
ON
IC R
ECO
RD
S A
RE
AD
MIS
SIB
LE A
S EV
IDEN
CE
IN IN
TER
FER
ENC
ES B
EFO
RE
THE
BO
AR
D O
F
PATE
NT
APP
EALS
AN
D IN
TER
FER
ENC
ES T
O T
HE
SAM
E EX
TEN
T TH
AT
ELEC
TRO
NIC
REC
OR
DS
AR
E A
DM
ISSI
BLE
UN
DER
TH
E FE
DER
AL
RU
LES
OF
EVD
ENC
E”
“WEI
GH
T TO
BE
GIV
EN A
NY
PAR
TIC
ULA
R R
ECO
RD
NEC
ESSA
RIL
Y M
UST
BE
DET
ERM
INED
ON
A C
ASE
BY
CA
SE B
ASI
S”
13
USP
TO
“[
T]he
Fed
eral
Rul
es o
f evi
denc
e sh
all a
pply
to
Inte
rfer
ence
Pro
ceed
ings
”
14
AD
MIS
SIB
ILIT
Y O
F EL
N
A
DM
ISSI
BIL
ITY
OF
A W
RIT
TEN
REC
OR
D (P
APE
R/E
LEC
TRO
NIC
) IN
USP
TO A
ND
CO
UR
TS
•G
OVE
RN
ED B
Y FE
DER
AL
RU
LES
OF
EVID
ENC
E
•TW
O-S
TEP
PRO
CED
UR
E
1)A
UTH
ENTI
CAT
ION
/IDEN
TIFI
CAT
ION
2)A
DM
ISSI
ON
UN
DER
SPE
CIF
IC R
ULE
IN F
RE
OR
UN
DER
AN
EXC
EPTI
ON
AU
THEN
TIC
ATIO
N A
ND
AD
MIS
SIB
ILIT
Y ≠
CO
RR
OB
OR
ATIO
N
REC
OR
DS
OF
INVE
NTI
VE A
CTI
VITY
USU
ALL
Y A
REN
’T E
NO
UG
H B
Y TH
EMSE
LVES
, SEE
A
ND
ERSO
N V
. PIE
PER
, 442
F.2
d 98
2, 9
83-9
84 C
CPA
197
1)
“Not
eboo
k re
cord
s or
repo
rts
of p
erso
ns n
ot te
stify
ing
can
not b
e re
gard
ed
as p
roof
of t
he e
xper
imen
tal w
ork
reco
rded
ther
ein.
”
AD
MIS
SIB
ILIT
Y O
F EL
N
LE
GA
L FO
UN
DAT
ION
FO
R A
UTH
ENTI
CAT
ING
EL
ECTR
ON
IC D
OC
UM
ENTS
R
ULE
901
FED
ERA
L R
ULE
S O
F EV
IDEN
CE
GO
VER
NS
AU
THEN
TIC
ATIO
N O
F EV
IDEN
CE
REQ
UIR
EMEN
T O
F A
UTH
ENTI
CAT
ION
IS “
…SA
TISF
IED
BY
EVID
ENC
E SU
FFIC
IEN
T TO
SU
PPO
RT
A FI
ND
ING
TH
AT T
HE
MAT
TER
IN Q
UES
TIO
N IS
WH
AT IT
S PR
OPO
NEN
T C
LAIM
S.”
15
AD
MIS
SIB
ILIT
Y O
F EL
N
A
UTH
ENTI
CAT
ING
ELE
CTR
ON
IC
EVID
ENC
E R
EQU
IRES
RIG
OR
OU
S FO
UN
DAT
ION
TH
AT C
AN
BE
HA
RD
TO
PR
OVE
IN
RE
VIN
VIN
NH
EE, D
EBTO
R, A
MER
ICA
N
EXPR
ESS
TRAV
EL R
ELAT
ED S
ERVI
CES
C
OM
PAN
Y IN
C. V
. VIN
VIN
HEE
336
B.R
. 437
(B
.A.P
. 9TH
CIR
200
5)
•IL
LUST
RAT
ES N
ATU
RE
OF
EVID
ENC
E R
EQU
IRED
FO
R A
UTH
ENTI
CAT
ION
/AD
MIS
SIO
N O
F EL
ECTR
ON
IC
REC
OR
D
16
AD
MIS
SIB
ILIT
Y O
F EL
N
VIN
HEE
•C
HA
PTER
7 B
AN
KR
UPT
CY
PRO
CEE
DIN
G
•A
MEX
SO
UG
HT
TO E
XCEP
T $4
1K F
RO
M D
ISC
HA
RG
E
•M
ON
THLY
STA
TEM
ENTS
OF
AC
CO
UN
T IN
ELE
CTR
ON
IC F
OR
M
•O
FFER
ED U
ND
ER B
USI
NES
S R
ECO
RD
S EX
CEP
TIO
N
•A
MEX
CU
STO
DIA
N K
NEW
LIT
TLE
AB
OU
T C
OM
PUTE
RS
OR
SOFT
WA
RE
•“T
HER
E’S
NO
WAY
CO
MPU
TER
S C
HA
NG
E N
UM
BER
S”
•Q
UA
LIFI
CAT
ION
S O
F D
ECLA
RA
NT
WER
E D
EFEC
TIVE
•N
O IN
FOR
MAT
ION
ON
AM
EX C
OM
PUTE
R P
OLI
CY,
SYS
TEM
,
CO
NTR
OL,
OR
AC
CES
S
•R
ECO
RD
S N
OT
AD
MIS
SIB
LE
17
AD
MIS
SIB
ILIT
Y O
F EL
N
VI
NH
EE C
OU
RT
EVA
LUAT
ED E
VID
ENC
E U
SIN
G T
ESTS
DES
CR
IBED
B
Y E.
J. IM
WIN
KEL
RIE
D IN
“EV
IDEN
TIA
RY F
OU
ND
ATIO
NS”
(§4.
03[2
]) SU
GG
ESTE
D A
S:
“MO
DER
N F
OU
ND
ATIO
N F
OR
CO
MPU
TER
REC
OR
DS”
1.
BU
SIN
ESS
USE
S A
CO
MPU
TER
2.C
OM
PUTE
R IS
REL
IAB
LE
3.B
USI
NES
S H
AS
DEV
ELO
PED
A P
RO
CED
UR
E FO
R
INSE
RTI
NG
DAT
A IN
TO C
OM
PUTE
R
4.PR
OC
EDU
RE
HA
S B
UIL
T- IN
SA
FEG
UA
RD
S TO
EN
SUR
E A
CC
UR
AC
Y
AN
D ID
ENTI
FY E
RR
OR
S
5.B
USI
NES
S K
EEPS
CO
MPU
TER
IN G
OO
D S
TATE
OF
REP
AIR
18
6.W
ITN
ESS
HA
D C
OM
PUTE
R R
EAD
OU
T C
ERTA
IN D
ATA
7.W
ITN
ESS
USE
D P
RO
PER
PR
OC
EDU
RES
TO
OB
TAIN
REA
DO
UT
8.C
OM
PUTE
R W
AS
IN W
OR
KIN
G O
RD
ER A
T TI
ME
WIT
NES
S O
BTA
INED
REA
DO
UT
9.W
ITN
ESS
REC
OG
NIZ
ES E
XHIB
IT A
S R
EAD
OU
T
10.T
HE
WIT
NES
S EX
PLA
INS
HO
W H
E O
R S
HE
REC
OG
NIZ
ES R
EAD
OU
T
11.IF
REA
DO
UT
CO
NTA
INS
STR
AN
GE
SYM
BO
LS O
R
TER
MS,
WIT
NES
S EX
PLA
INS
MEA
NIN
G O
F SY
MB
OLS
OR
TER
MS
FOR
TR
IER
OF
FAC
T 19
AD
MIS
SIB
ILIT
Y O
F EL
N
AS
TO F
OU
RTH
TES
T, V
INH
EE C
OU
RT
SAID
, “
THE
BU
ILT-
IN S
AFE
GU
AR
DS
TO E
NSU
RE
AC
CU
RA
CY
AN
D ID
ENTI
FY E
RR
OR
S IN
TH
E FO
UR
TH S
TEP
SUB
SUM
E
DET
AIL
S R
EGA
RD
ING
CO
MPU
TER
PO
LIC
Y A
ND
SYS
TEM
CO
NTR
OL
PRO
CED
UR
ES, I
NC
LUD
ING
CO
NTR
OL
OF
AC
CES
S TO
TH
E D
ATA
BA
SE ,
CO
NTR
OL
OF
AC
CES
SS T
O
THE
PRO
GR
AM
, REC
OR
DIN
G A
ND
LO
GG
ING
OF
CH
AN
GES
, BA
CK
UP
PRA
CTI
CES
AN
D A
UD
IT
PRO
CED
UR
ES T
O A
SSU
RE
CO
NTI
NU
ING
INTE
GR
ITY
OF
THE
REC
OR
DS.
”
20
AD
MIS
SIB
ILIT
Y O
F EL
N
“…
.Foc
us
is
not
on
circ
umst
ance
s of
cr
eatio
n of
th
e re
cord
, bu
t ra
ther
on
ci
rcum
stan
ces
of t
he p
rese
rvat
ion
of t
he
reco
rd d
urin
g th
e tim
e it
is in
the
file
so
as
to
assu
re
that
th
e do
cum
ent
bein
g pr
offe
rred
is th
e sa
me
as th
e do
cum
ent t
hat
orig
inal
ly w
as c
reat
ed.”
“
…En
titie
s po
licie
s an
d pr
oced
ures
for
use
of t
he e
quip
men
t, da
taba
se a
nd p
rogr
ams
are
impo
rtan
t. H
ow a
cces
s to
the
per
tinen
t pr
ogra
m i
s co
ntro
lled
and,
sep
arat
ely,
how
ac
cess
to
the
spec
ific
prog
ram
is c
onro
lled
are
impo
rtan
t que
stio
ns.”
21
VIN
HEE
LOR
RA
INE
V. M
AR
KLE
AM
. IN
S, 2
007
WL
1300
739
(D
. MD
MAY
4, 2
007)
GR
IMM
, J.
•80
PA
GE
OPI
NIO
N
•C
ON
TRA
CT
FOR
SA
LE O
F YA
CH
T
•R
EFER
S TO
VIN
HEE
, BU
T G
OES
FU
RTH
ER
•EX
PLA
INS
INTE
RPL
AY O
F FR
E W
ITH
FR
CP
•EL
ECTR
ON
IC E
VID
ENC
E PR
IMER
•W
AY E
VID
ENC
E IS
GAT
HER
ED, P
RO
CES
SED
& P
RO
DU
CED
CA
N IM
PAC
T A
DM
ISSI
BIL
ITY
22
LOR
RA
INE
V. M
AR
KLE
“IF
IT IS
CR
ITIC
AL
TO T
HE
SUC
CES
S O
F YO
UR
CA
SE T
O A
DM
IT IN
TO E
VID
ENC
E C
OM
PUTE
R S
TOR
ED
REC
OR
DS,
IT W
OU
LD B
E PR
UD
ENT
TO P
LAN
TO
AU
THEN
TIC
ATE
THE
REC
OR
D B
Y TH
E M
OST
RIG
OR
OU
S ST
AN
DA
RD
TH
AT M
AY B
E A
PPLI
ED.”
23
SO, W
HAT
’S T
HE
POIN
T?
24
NEE
D T
O B
E A
BLE
TO
PR
OVE
TH
AT T
HE
ELEC
TRO
NIC
LA
B N
OTE
BO
OK
IS W
HAT
IT
PU
RPO
RTS
TO
BE!
! H
OW
INFO
RM
ATIO
N W
AS
GAT
HER
ED,
PRO
DU
CED
, PR
OC
ESSE
D, S
TOR
ED
25
AU
THEN
TIC
ATIN
G E
LEC
TRO
NIC
INFO
RM
ATIO
N
N
OT
ENTI
REL
Y N
EW IS
SUE
M
AC
HIN
E PR
OD
UC
ED E
VID
ENC
E R
OU
TIN
ELY
USE
D IN
C
OU
RTS
FO
R M
AN
Y YE
AR
S EX
AM
PLES
: •
X-R
AY F
ILM
S
•N
MR
’S
•M
ASS
SPE
CTR
OG
RA
PHS
•EL
ECTR
ON
IC IN
VOIC
ES
26
THR
ESH
OLD
QU
ESTI
ON
FO
R T
RIE
R
OF
FAC
T –
IS E
LN E
VID
ENC
E A
DM
ISSI
BLE
?
IS E
VID
ENC
E…
•R
ELEV
AN
T?
•A
UTH
ENTI
C?
•R
ELIA
BLE
?
•N
OT
HEA
RSA
Y?, O
R
•W
ITH
IN A
N E
XCEP
TIO
N T
O
HEA
RSA
Y R
ULE
?
27
LEG
AL
FOU
ND
ATIO
N F
OR
AD
MIS
SIO
N
•IF
EVI
DEN
CE
IS A
DM
ITED
, HO
W
MU
CH
WEI
GH
T W
ILL
IT B
E EN
TITL
ED T
O?
•
CO
UR
T C
AN
CO
NSI
DER
ALL
FA
CTO
RS
INC
LUD
ING
CR
ITER
IA
FOR
AD
MIS
SIB
ILTY
•IM
POR
TAN
T TO
EST
AB
LISH
W
ITN
ESSE
S A
ND
EVI
DEN
CE
AR
E R
ELIA
BLE
AN
D T
RU
STW
OR
THY
28
ON
CE
ELN
IS A
DM
ITTE
D, N
EED
TO
AD
DR
ESS
“C
RED
IBIL
TY”
HO
W T
O E
STA
BLI
SH A
UTH
ENTI
CIT
Y O
F R
ECO
RD
BEI
NG
OFF
ERED
? PA
PER
NO
TEB
OO
K -
EST
AB
LISH
BY
TEST
IMO
NY
OF
CR
EATO
R
ELN
- ES
TAB
LISH
BY
TEST
IMO
NY
OF
CU
STO
DIA
N
THAT
REC
OR
D B
EIN
G P
RO
FFER
RED
IS
AC
CU
RAT
E C
OPY
OF
ELEC
TRO
NIC
ALL
Y ST
OR
ED
INFO
RM
ATIO
N; D
ETA
ILS
OF
CO
MPU
TER
SYS
TEM
, SO
FTW
AR
E, A
CC
ESS,
ETC
.
29
LEG
AL
FOU
ND
ATIO
N F
OR
AD
MIS
SIO
N
FAC
T IS
SUES
TO
BE
RES
OLV
ED B
Y TR
IER
OF
FAC
T
WIT
H R
ESPE
CT
TO E
LN R
ECO
RD
BEI
NG
OFF
ERED
SY
NTH
ESIS
OF
IMW
INK
ELR
IED
FA
CTO
RS:
•
WH
O C
REA
TED
IT?
•W
HAT
’S B
EIN
G O
FFER
ED?
•W
HY
WA
S IT
CR
EATE
D?
•W
HO
WIT
NES
SED
IT?
•H
OW
WA
S IT
MA
DE?
•W
HEN
WA
S IT
MA
DE?
•H
OW
WA
S IT
KEP
T?
•H
AS
IT B
EEN
REV
ISED
? (H
OW
CA
N I
TELL
?)
30
NYC
LE C
RED
IT C
OD
E 80
5
31
PRO
BLE
M W
ITH
AU
THEN
TIC
ATIO
N A
ND
REL
IAB
ILIT
Y
OF
ELN
REC
OR
DS
N
EED
TO
PR
OVE
REC
OR
D IS
WH
AT IT
PU
RPO
RTS
TO
B
E A
ND
HA
SN’T
BEE
N M
OD
IFIE
D:
•H
AVE
TO A
UTH
ENTI
CAT
E IN
FOR
MAT
ION
AN
D C
OM
PUTE
R, P
RO
CES
S
USE
D T
O E
NTE
R, M
AIN
TAIN
AN
D R
ETR
IEVE
•PR
OVE
CO
MPU
TER
AN
D P
RO
CES
S U
SED
WER
E R
ELIA
BLE
•PR
OVE
RET
RIE
VED
DAT
A IS
IN O
RIG
INA
L FO
RM
HO
W T
O D
O T
HIS
FO
R A
N E
LEC
TRO
NIC
REC
OR
D?
32
ELEC
TRO
NIC
LA
BO
RAT
ORY
NO
TEB
OO
KS
M
ICH
AEL
H. E
LLIO
T (P
RES
IDEN
T AT
RIU
M R
ESEA
RC
H IN
C.)
THE
RU
LES
HAV
E C
HA
NG
ED, S
CIE
NTI
FIC
CO
MPU
TIN
G; M
AY 2
007
“The
use
of e
lect
roni
c la
bora
tory
not
eboo
k (E
LN) t
echn
olog
y ha
s ris
en s
harp
ly
in th
e pa
st fo
ur y
ears
, hav
ing
now
pen
etra
ted
over
20
perc
ent o
f all
biop
harm
aceu
tical
com
pani
es.”
FN1
“ELN
tech
nolo
gy h
as n
ot o
nly
lead
to in
crea
ses
in la
bora
tory
effi
cien
cy…
. but
al
so to
enh
ance
d pr
otec
tion
of in
telle
ctua
l pro
perty
(IP
).”
“…ov
er 7
0 pe
rcen
t of c
ompa
nies
who
hav
e im
plem
ente
d an
ELN
, stil
l cre
ate
pape
r prin
tout
s an
d ap
ply
“wet
” sig
natu
res
of th
e au
thor
and
witn
ess,
or w
hat
is k
now
n as
the
“hyb
rid m
odel
.”
FN1 –
See
200
6 E
lect
roni
c N
oteb
ook
Sur
vey;
Atri
um R
esea
rch
Con
sulti
ng, W
ilton
, CO
NN
.
33
ELEC
TRO
NIC
LA
BO
RAT
ORY
NO
TEB
OO
KS
•H
YBR
ID M
OD
EL –
PO
TEN
TIA
L PR
OB
LEM
•A
DVE
RSE
PA
RTY
EN
TITL
ED T
O D
ISC
OVE
RY O
F PA
PER
AN
D
ELEC
TRO
NIC
REC
OR
D (2
006
AM
END
MEN
TS T
O R
ULE
26
FRC
P)
•W
HAT
HA
PPEN
S IF
ELE
CTR
ON
IC R
ECO
RD
IS A
LTER
ED –
DO
ESN
’T
AG
REE
WIT
H P
APE
R?
•PR
OB
AB
LY B
ETTE
R T
O R
ELY
ON
REA
L EL
N, I
F A
DM
ISSI
BLE
WH
O IS
TH
E A
UTH
OR
OF
THE
REC
OR
D?
WH
O W
ITN
ESSE
D IT
? PA
PER
NO
TEB
OO
K –
MET
HO
DO
LOG
Y:
INK
SIG
NAT
UR
E O
F A
UTH
OR
AN
D W
ITN
ESS
ON
EA
CH
PA
GE
ELN
– N
EED
S M
ETH
OD
OLO
GY
FOR
•
ASS
OC
IATI
NG
AN
ELE
CTR
ON
IC S
IGN
ATU
RE
WIT
H A
NO
TEB
OO
K E
NTR
Y
•A
SSU
RIN
G D
ATE
IS A
CC
UR
ATE
•A
SSU
RIN
G D
OC
UM
ENT
UN
CH
AN
GED
PR
OB
LEM
– H
OW
TO
DO
TH
IS IN
AN
ELN
??
34
ELEC
TRO
NIC
LA
BO
RAT
ORY
NO
TEB
OO
KS
H
AS
TEC
HN
OLO
GY
TILT
ED S
CA
LES
IN F
AVO
R O
F EL
N?
•A
DVE
NT
OF
PUB
LIC
KEY
INFR
AST
RU
CTU
RE
•(D
IGIT
AL
SIG
NAT
UR
E &
DIG
ITA
L TI
ME
STA
MP)
•C
RYPT
OG
RA
PHIC
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
•A
IDS
TO A
UTH
ENTI
CAT
ION
OF
ELN
INFO
RM
ATIO
N
35
ELEC
TRO
NIC
LA
BO
RAT
ORY
NO
TEB
OO
KS
PUB
LIC
KEY
INFR
AST
RU
CTU
RE
PKI
•R
ELIE
S O
N P
AIR
OF
MAT
HEM
ATIC
ALL
Y R
ELAT
ED C
RYPT
OG
RA
PHIC
KEY
S
•IF
ON
E K
EY U
SED
TO
EN
CRY
PT IN
FOR
MAT
ION
, ON
LY R
ELAT
ED K
EY
CA
N D
ECRY
PT IN
FOR
MAT
ION
•PU
BLI
C K
EY –
NO
T SE
CR
ET –
SEE
N B
Y A
LL U
SER
S •
Prov
ides
une
quiv
ocal
pro
of y
ou a
re w
ho y
ou c
laim
to b
e •
PRIV
ATE
KEY
– (U
NIQ
UE
AN
D C
OR
RES
PON
DS
TO P
UB
LIC
KEY
)
•K
ept s
ecre
t – n
ot s
hare
d am
ongs
t use
rs
36
37
SIM
PLE
EXA
MPL
E O
F PK
I IN
USE
D
IGIT
AL
SIG
NAT
UR
E
•3R
D P
AR
TY (I
NVE
NTO
R) U
SES
REC
OR
D K
EEPE
RS
(RK
) PU
BLI
C
ENC
RYPT
ION
KEY
TO
SEN
D R
K IN
FOR
MAT
ION
•R
K U
SES
PRIV
ATE
KEY
TO
DEC
RYPT
INFO
RM
ATIO
N E
NC
RYPT
ED
WIT
H C
OR
RES
PON
DIN
G P
UB
LIC
KEY
•R
K C
AN
BE
SUR
E TH
AT IN
FOR
MAT
ION
IT C
AN
DEC
RYPT
WA
S
INTE
ND
ED F
OR
TH
EM
•H
OW
EVER
, RK
CA
N’T
BE
CER
TAIN
WH
O IN
FOR
MAT
ION
CA
ME
FRO
M!
NO
W W
HAT
?
38
•IF
3R
D P
AR
TY (I
NVE
NTO
R) W
ISH
ES T
O P
RO
VE T
O R
K
THAT
TH
EY A
RE
SOU
RC
E O
F IN
FOR
MAT
ION
, USE
SEPA
RAT
E A
SSIG
NED
PR
IVAT
E K
EY T
O S
IGN
MES
SAG
E
(DIG
ITA
L SI
GN
ATU
RE)
•D
IGIT
AL
SIG
NAT
UR
E K
EY B
ASE
D O
N U
NIQ
UE
INFO
RM
ATIO
N IN
MES
SAG
E
•C
ON
TRA
ST
•H
AN
DW
RIT
TEN
SIG
NAT
UR
E –
ALW
AYS
THE
SAM
E
•D
IGIT
AL
SIG
NAT
UR
E –
DIF
FER
ENT
EVER
Y TI
ME
IT’S
MA
DE
(BA
SED
ON
UN
IQU
E M
ATH
EMAT
ICA
L VA
LUE)
USE
OF
DIG
ITA
L SI
GN
ATU
RE
39
OK
, BU
T W
HAT
AB
OU
T ES
TAB
LISH
ING
DAT
E O
F D
OC
UM
ENT/
SIG
NAT
UR
ES?
40
DIG
ITA
L TI
ME
STA
MP
•D
EFIN
ED B
Y IN
TER
NET
EN
GIN
EER
ING
TA
SK F
OR
CE
(IETF
)
•EX
TEN
SIO
N O
F PK
I USE
D F
OR
DIG
ITA
L SI
GN
ATU
RES
•TI
ME
STA
MP
AU
THO
RIT
Y (T
SA) –
SO
FTW
AR
E
•TR
UST
WO
RTH
Y C
LOC
K F
OR
DAT
E/TI
ME
•R
ELIE
S O
N U
NIQ
UE
FILE
IDEN
TIFI
ER (B
ASE
D O
N D
OC
UM
ENT
PRO
FILE
)
•TS
A ST
AM
PS R
ECO
RD
(FIL
E ID
ENTI
FIER
) WIT
H D
IGIT
AL
TIM
E ST
AM
P
•O
NLY
UN
IQU
E FI
LE ID
ENTI
FIER
SEN
T TO
TSA
(NO
T IN
FOR
MAT
ION
ITSE
LF)
•TI
ME
STA
MP
UN
IQU
ELY
LIN
KED
TO
DO
CU
MEN
T
•ST
AM
P C
LOC
K U
SUA
LLY
AC
CU
RAT
E TO
WIT
HIN
± 1
SEC
ON
D
•IF
TIM
E ST
AM
P VA
LID
, CO
NFI
RM
S D
OC
UM
ENT
NO
T R
EVIS
ED S
INC
E
“STA
MP”
TIM
E
•C
HA
NG
E TO
DO
CU
MEN
T IN
VALI
DAT
ES T
IME
STA
MP
41
PKI D
IGIT
AL
SIG
NAT
UR
E/TI
ME
STA
MP
OFF
ERS
USE
RS:
•C
ERTA
INTY
OF
DAT
A SE
NT/
REC
EIVE
D E
LEC
TRO
NIC
ALL
Y
•C
ERTA
INTL
Y O
F SO
UR
CE/
DES
TIN
ATIO
N O
F IN
FOR
MAT
ION
•A
SSU
RA
NC
E O
F TI
ME/
TIM
ING
OF
INFO
RM
ATIO
N S
TOR
AG
E
•C
ERTA
INTY
OF
PRIV
AC
Y
•A
BIL
ITY
FOR
3R
D P
AR
TY V
ERIF
ICAT
ION
(TR
UST
ED A
UTH
OR
ITY)
42
ELEC
TRO
NIC
LA
B N
OTE
BO
OK
S SU
MM
ARY
•D
IGIT
AL
SIG
NAT
UR
ES/ T
IME
STA
MPS
IMPR
OVE
REL
IAB
ILIT
Y
OF
ELN
INFO
RM
ATIO
N
•U
SE T
O E
STA
BLI
SH H
OW
AN
D W
HEN
REC
OR
D W
AS
CR
EATE
D (A
UTH
ENTI
CAT
ION
OF
DO
CU
MEN
T)
•H
ELPS
TO
OVE
RC
OM
E D
RAW
BA
CK
S O
F EL
Ns
•U
SEFU
L TO
SAT
ISFY
IMW
INK
ELR
IED
TES
TS/A
UTH
ENTI
CAT
E R
ECO
RD
•
BR
ING
ING
ELN
’S C
LOSE
R T
O “
PRIM
E TI
ME”
, BU
T……
.
43
ELEC
TRO
NIC
LA
B N
OTE
BO
OK
S
….T
HER
E’S
MO
RE
(NO
KID
DIN
G)
WIT
NES
SES
HAV
E TO
TES
TIFY
TO
HO
W E
LN R
ECO
RD
WA
S •
CR
EATE
D
•M
AIN
TAIN
ED –
OPE
RAT
ION
OF
SYST
EM /
SOFT
WA
RE
/ CO
NTR
OLL
ED
AC
CES
S
BO
TTO
M L
INE
PKI T
ECH
NO
LOG
Y C
AN
HEL
P TO
AU
THEN
TIC
ATE
ELN
INFO
RM
ATIO
N, B
UT
STIL
L N
EED
LIV
E W
ITN
ESSE
S
44
CO
NC
LUSI
ON
•TE
CH
NO
LOG
Y (D
IGIT
AL
SIG
NAT
UR
E &
DIG
ITA
L TI
ME
STA
MP)
SH
OU
LD
HEL
P TO
MEE
T R
EQU
IREM
ENTS
FO
R A
DM
ISSI
BIL
ITY
OF
ELN
REC
OR
DS
•SA
FE D
IGIT
AL
SIG
NAT
UR
E SY
STEM
FO
R E
LN IN
USE
AT
PFIZ
ER
SIN
CE
2006
fn1
•ST
ILL
IMPO
RTA
NT
TO C
ON
TRO
L A
CC
ESS
TO E
LN R
ECO
RD
S
•ST
ILL
NEE
D W
ITN
ESSE
S TH
AT K
NO
W D
ETA
ILS
OF
SYST
EM/S
OFT
WA
RE
•U
SIN
G H
YBR
ID S
YSTE
M (“
WET
” SI
GN
ED P
RIN
TOU
T)
•D
O S
OM
ETH
ING
TO
SIM
ULA
TE B
OU
ND
/CO
NTI
NU
OU
S PA
PER
NO
TEB
OO
K
Fn1
See
, Pfiz
er Im
plem
enta
tion
of S
AFE
TM D
igita
l Sig
natu
res
for E
lect
roni
c La
b
N
oteb
ooks
© P
fizer
200
7
W
ILL
NO
TEB
OO
KS
MAT
TER
IN T
HE
FUTU
RE?
PRO
BA
BLY
!
FIR
ST T
O IN
VEN
T VS
FIR
ST T
O F
ILE
–
CO
MIN
G A
T SO
ME
POIN
T (S
ee M
arch
10,
Am
endm
ent t
o S.
515)
45
NO
TEB
OO
K R
ECO
RD
S W
ILL
STIL
L B
E IM
POR
TAN
T •
HA
NG
OVE
R IN
TER
FER
ENC
E / C
OU
RT
PRO
CEE
DIN
GS
• P
RO
VE:
•IN
VEN
TOR
SHIP
/ R
ESPE
CTI
VE C
ON
TRIB
UTI
ON
S O
F
INVE
NTO
RS
•TI
TLE
•TR
AD
E SE
CR
ET IS
SUES
46
47
SOM
E PL
AC
ES T
O C
HEC
K O
UT
FOR
MO
RE
ON
TH
IS T
OPI
C
•C
olla
bora
tive
Ele
ctro
nic
Not
eboo
k S
yste
ms
Ass
ocia
tion
(ww
w.c
ensa
.org
)
•P
KI T
utor
ial (
http
://w
ww
.csa
uckl
and.
ac.n
z/pg
ut00
1/pu
bs/p
kitu
toria
l.pdf
) by
Pet
er G
utm
an
•P
ublic
Key
Infra
stru
ctur
e
(http
://en
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/p
ublic
_key
_inf
rast
ruct
ure)
•A
n In
trodu
ctio
n to
PK
I (P
ublic
Key
Infra
stru
ctur
e)
(http
://w
ww
.arti
csof
t.com
/pub
lic_k
ey_i
nfra
stru
ctur
e.ht
m
THA
NK
YO
U!!
Q
UES
TIO
NS?
S.
PE
TE
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