Transcript

Developing a Soft Linkage between a detailed dynamic Input-Output macroeconomic model

and a MarkAl energy system model

Franรงois Briens [email protected]

and Nadia Maรฏzi nadia.maรฏ[email protected]

Center for Applied Mathematics, Ecole des Mines Paristech (France)

19/11/2014

CONTENT

1. Current challenges to hybrid Energy-Economic modelling approaches

2. Our Input-Output Macroeconomic Model

3. Linking our Input-Output model to a MarkAl Model

4. Conclusion

2

1. Current challenges to hybrid Energy-Economic modelling approaches

3

High level of aggregation of the economic sphere:

โ€ข Specificities of societies and their economies? โ€ข Structural changes? (impact on energy consumption & dependency)

โ€ข Economy is about: What do we want to produce and consume? How? For who?

=> GDP is NOT a satisfying indicator

Strong & restrictive assumptions on the economy and economic agents behavior

E.g.: โ€ข Constant Elasticities โ€ข Utilitarianist approaches and optimality (inaccurate and sometimes irrelevant)

=>Many models are fundamentally ยซ growth oriented ยป (normative stance)

Endogeneity is NOT a Graal.

โ€ข Complexity VS. Intelligibility โ€ข Prospective modeling: a tool for political and societal choices

1. Current challenges to hybrid Energy-Economic modelling approaches

4

Interest of dynamic features wrt. Static/Equilibrium models

โ€ข Transitional dynamics Ex: Investment ยซ Wall effect ยป ; What if ยซ critical ยป evolutions of the system? โ€ข Accounting for demographic evolution impacts (ex: active population ; health & education expenditures ; evolution of lifestyles)

Other important issues to reflect: Public debt, waste production, poverty, etc.

Source: INSEE, 2005

Avg size of households vs. age

Impact on Building sector?

CONTENT

1. Current challenges to hybrid Energy-Economic modelling approaches

2. Our Input-Output Macroeconomic Model

3. Linking our Input-Output model to a MarkAl Model

4. Conclusion

5

2. Our Dynamic Input-Output Model

6

-> Home-made Dynamic Simulation Model with STELLA ยฎ -> Based on French National Accounts -> Focus on Structural (rather than conjonctural) issues (Long term concerns)

Sectorial Production targets, Added Value (GDP)

Input-Output Analysis

Output

Energy Consumption, GHG Emissions, Employment,

Poverty, Government budget balance, public debtโ€ฆ

Scenarios for Sectorial Demand Scenarios for Sectorial Demand

2. Our Macro-economic Model

7

The Model - Sectorial Final Demand

โ€ข Total Final Demand in goods and services

For each branch i of the economy:

Total Final Demand i =

Final Consumption i (households)

+

Investment in products i

+

Export i

-

Import i

2. Our Macro-economic Model

8

The Model - Sectorial Macro Final Demand

๐‘ญ๐’Š๐’๐’‚๐’ ๐’„๐’๐’๐’”๐’–๐’Ž๐’‘๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’ ๐’๐’‡ ๐’‰๐’๐’–๐’”๐’†๐’‰๐’๐’๐’…๐’”= ๐‘ƒ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘› ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ โ„Ž๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’โ„Ž๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘‘๐‘  ร— ๐น๐‘–๐‘›๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘› ๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘› ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ โ„Ž๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’โ„Ž๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘‘

Population

- Cohorts Model - 9 scenarios from INSEE up to 2060:

Final Consumption per person or Households: Exogeneous, using surveys (political-behavioral parameters)

0-2

3-10

11-14

15-17

18-24

25-29

39-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-74

75-84

85 &+

Demography Immigration

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

LOW

MEDIUM

HIGH

Source: http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/irweb/projpop0760/dd/pyramide/pyramide.htm

2. Our Macro-economic Model

9

The Model - Sectorial Final Demand

โ€ข Total Final Demand in goods and services

For each branch i of the economy:

Total Final Demand i =

Final Consumption i (households)

+

Investment in products i

+

Export i

-

Import i

2. Our Macro-economic Model

10

The Model - Sectorial Macro Final Demand

Capital Stocks and Investment (1/2) Capital Stocks Survival laws:

Asset Life expectancy following a normal distribution (avg lifetime;std) for each branch i and each asset type j

๐ผ๐‘›๐‘ฃ๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘š๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘–,๐‘— ๐‘ก โˆ—๐‘ก=๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก=โˆ’โˆž 1 โˆ’ ๐‘†๐‘–,๐‘— ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘š๐‘’ โˆ’ ๐‘ก

with Sij the survival coefficient, and (1-Sij) following a cumulated normal distribution

Different asset types

Housings Other buildings

Transport equipement IT equipment

Cultivated assets Softwares

Etc.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Asset type 1

Asset type 2

Asset type 3

2. Our Macro-economic Model

11

The Model - Sectorial Macro Final Demand

Capital Stocks and Investment (2/2) Investment:

So as to match a capital stock target corresponding to the production level, using the capital productivity (=๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›

๐พ) of branch i

๐ผ๐‘›๐‘ฃ๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘š๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘โ„Ž ๐‘–,๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘’๐‘ก ๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘’ ๐‘—(๐‘ก) =๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘– ๐‘ก + ๐‘‘๐‘ก

๐พ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘–,๐‘— ๐‘กโˆ’ ๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘๐‘˜ ๐พ๐‘–,๐‘—(๐‘ก)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

K Target= ForcstdProduction/Kproductivity

Scrappage Initial stock of K

ฮ”=Investment needed to match K target

2. Our Macro-economic Model

12

The Model - Sectorial Final Demand

โ€ข Total Final Demand in goods and services

For each branch i of the economy:

Total Final Demand i =

Final Consumption i (households)

+

Investment in products i

+

Export i

-

Import i

2. Our Macro-economic Model

13

The Model - Sectorial Macro Final Demand (7/7)

Foreign Trade Import: Using import coefficients for final consumption, investment and intermediate consumption

๐‘ป๐’๐’•๐’‚๐’ ๐‘ฐ๐’Ž๐’‘๐’๐’“๐’•๐’Š

= ๐น๐‘–๐‘›๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐บ๐‘œ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘  & ๐‘†๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘–

โˆ— ๐ผ๐‘š๐‘๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก ๐‘†โ„Ž๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘– + ๐ผ๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐บ๐‘œ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘  & ๐‘†๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘–

โˆ— ๐ผ๐‘š๐‘๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก ๐‘†โ„Ž๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘–

+ ๐ถ๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘“๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘–๐‘–

โˆ— ๐ผ๐‘š๐‘๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก ๐‘†โ„Ž๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘–

Export: Proportional to import, or exogeneous

2. Our Macro-economic Model

14

Sectorial Production targets, Added Value (GDP)

Input-Output Analysis

Output

Energy Consumption, GHG Emissions, Employment,

Poverty, Government budget balance, public debtโ€ฆ

Scenarios for Sectorial Demand

Input-Output Analysis

2. Our Macro-economic Model

15

The Model - Input-Output Analysis

โ€ข Input-Output Analysis - 38 Branches

Hypothesis : Macro Supply = Macro Demand ๐‘‡๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐ท๐‘œ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘› = ๐ผ๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐ถ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘› + ๐น๐‘–๐‘›๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐ถ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›

๐‘ฅ1 = ๐‘Ž11. ๐‘ฅ1 + ๐‘Ž12. ๐‘ฅ2 +โ‹ฏ+ ๐‘Ž1๐‘›. ๐‘ฅ๐‘› +๐‘ฆ1 ๐‘ฅ2 = ๐‘Ž21. ๐‘ฅ1 + ๐‘Ž22. ๐‘ฅ2 +โ‹ฏ+ ๐‘Ž2๐‘›. ๐‘ฅ๐‘› +๐‘ฆ2 ๐‘ฅโ€ฆ = ๐‘Žโ€ฆ1. ๐‘ฅ1 + ๐‘Žโ€ฆ2. ๐‘ฅ2 +โ‹ฏ+ ๐‘Žโ€ฆ๐‘›. ๐‘ฅ๐‘› +๐‘ฆโ€ฆ ๐‘ฅ๐‘› = ๐‘Ž๐‘›1. ๐‘ฅ1 + ๐‘Ž๐‘›2. ๐‘ฅ2 +โ‹ฏ+ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘›. ๐‘ฅ๐‘› +๐‘ฆ๐‘›

with: ๐’™๐’Š = Total output of branch i ๐’š๐’Š= Final demand for products i domestically produced ๐’‚๐’Š๐’‹= Intermediate consumption of domestic product j used to produce

one unit in the branch I

=> [X] = [A] [X] + [Y] Solving for [X], we have: [X]= [I-A]-1 . [Y] where [I-A]-1 is called the Leontief Inverse

2. Our Macro-economic Model

16

Sectorial Production targets, Added Value (GDP)

Input-Output Analysis

Output

Energy Consumption, GHG Emissions, Employment,

Poverty, Government budget balance, public debtโ€ฆ

Scenarios for Sectorial Demand

Output

Energy Consumption, GHG Emissions, Employment,

Poverty, Government budget balance, public debtโ€ฆ

2. Our Macro-economic Model

17

The Model โ€“ Main Outputs (1/3)

โ€ข Energy, GHG and Waste from production:

Using ยซ Intensity coefficients ยป (estimated from Eurostat Data, INSEE, World Input-Output Database, Evolution rates to be fixed by the modeler)

๐น๐‘–๐‘›๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘ฌ๐’๐’†๐’“๐’ˆ๐’š ๐‘ช๐’๐’๐’”๐’–๐’Ž๐’‘๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’ ๐‘“๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘š ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›(๐‘ก)

= ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘– ๐‘ก ร— ๐ธ๐‘›๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘”๐‘ฆ๐ผ๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘– (๐‘ก)

๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘–

๐‘ฎ๐‘ฏ๐‘ฎ ๐’†๐’Ž๐’Š๐’”๐’”๐’Š๐’๐’๐’”(๐‘ก) = ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘– ๐‘ก ร— ๐บ๐ป๐บ ๐ผ๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘– (๐‘ก)

๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘–

NB: Output detailed for: SOx, NOx, NH3, CO, NMVOC, CH4, N20, CO2, PM10, PM2.5, and CO2equivalences

๐‘พ๐’‚๐’”๐’•๐’† ๐’‘๐’“๐’๐’…๐’–๐’„๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’(๐‘ก) = ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘– ๐‘ก ร— ๐‘Š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐ผ๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘– (๐‘ก)

๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘–

NB: So far, output detailed for 14 types of waste (Glass, wood, lether, metal, plastic, rubber, mineral, hazardous and non-hazardous waste, etc.)

2. Our Macro-economic Model

18

The Model - Main Outputs (2/3)

โ€ข Public Budget and Public Debt

APU Revenue APU Expenditure (by function: classification COFOG)

Fiscal Revenue

Taxes on Products (D21) V.A.T., Taxes on Imports, Other (TICPE, tabacco, beverages, etc.)

General Services APU (inc. Debt repaymentโ€ฆ)

Taxes on Production (D29) Tax on Wages and Labour, Other taxes on production

ยซ Defense ยป (or ยซ attack ยป)

Impรดts courants sur Revenu et Patrimoine (D5) IRPP, CSG, CRDS, Impรดt sur les sociรฉtรฉs, taxe dโ€™habitation, impรดt foncier mรฉnages, ISF, etc.

Public order and ยซ safety ยป

Economic Affairs

Taxes in Capital (D91) Environmental protection

Social Contributions (employeurs et mรฉnages) Housing and community amenities

Non-Fiscal Revenue

Property Income Investment Revenue (D41 & D42), Land and Deposits rents (D45)

Recreation, culture and religion

Education

Health

Production Income Social Protection

2. Our Macro-economic Model

19

The Model - Main Outputs (2/3)

โ€ข Public Budget and Public Debt

special focus on:

โ€ข Education (11% Public exp. in 2012)

=>Cohort model:

๐ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘. = (๐‘๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘๐‘™๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘– ร— ๐‘ ๐‘โ„Ž๐‘œ๐‘œ๐‘™ ๐‘’๐‘›๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘š๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘–, ๐‘™๐‘’๐‘ฃ๐‘’๐‘™๐‘— ร— ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘ก ๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘ข๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘™๐‘’๐‘ฃ๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘—)

๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘–;๐‘™๐‘’๐‘ฃ๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘—

โ€ข Health (15% Public exp. in 2012)

=>Cohort model (similar to [Geay and Lagasnerie, 2013]), accounting for age effect, end-of-life effect, health quality:

๐ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘. =

(๐‘๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘๐‘™๐‘’ ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘› โˆ’ ๐ด๐ฟ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘– ร— ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘ก ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘› โˆ’ ๐ด๐ฟ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘–+๐‘๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘๐‘™๐‘’ ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘ค๐‘–๐‘กโ„Ž๐ด๐ฟ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘– ร— ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘ก ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ค๐‘–๐‘กโ„Ž ๐ด๐ฟ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘–

+๐‘๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘๐‘™๐‘’ ๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘ก ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘› โˆ’ ๐ด๐ฟ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘– ร— ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘ก ๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘› ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘› โˆ’ ๐ด๐ฟ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘–+๐‘๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘๐‘™๐‘’ ๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘ก ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘ค๐‘–๐‘กโ„Ž ๐ด๐ฟ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘– ร— ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘ก ๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘› ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ค๐‘–๐‘กโ„Ž ๐ด๐ฟ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘–)

๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘–

โ€ข Social Protection (43% Public exp. in 2012) =>High level of disagregation : Retirement Pensions, Unemployment, Family and child, housing, Illness and disability, Social Exclusion (rsaโ€ฆ) , Basic Income

2. Our Macro-economic Model

20

The Model - Main Outputs (2/3)

โ€ข Public Budget and Public Debt

APU Revenue APU Expenditure (by function: classification COFOG)

Fiscal Revenue

Taxes on Products (D21) V.A.T., Taxes on Imports, Other (TICPE, tabacco, beverages, etc.)

General Services APU (inc. Debt repaymentโ€ฆ)

Taxes on Production (D29) Tax on Wages and Labour, Other taxes on production

ยซ Defense ยป (or ยซ attack ยป)

Impรดts courants sur Revenu et Patrimoine (D5) IRPP, CSG, CRDS, Impรดt sur les sociรฉtรฉs, taxe dโ€™habitation, impรดt foncier mรฉnages, ISF, etc.

Public order and ยซ safety ยป

Economic Affairs

Taxes in Capital (D91) Environmental protection

Social Contributions (employeurs et mรฉnages) Housing and community amenities

Non-Fiscal Revenue

Property Income Investment Revenue (D41 & D42), Land and Deposits rents (D45)

Recreation, culture and religion

Education

Health

Production Income Social Protection

Budget Balance = Public Deficit/Surplus

๐‘ท๐’–๐’ƒ๐’๐’Š๐’„ ๐‘ซ๐’†๐’ƒ๐’• = ๐‘ท๐’–๐’ƒ๐’๐’Š๐’„ ๐‘ซ๐’†๐’‡๐’Š๐’„๐’Š๐’•

๐’•

2. Our Macro-economic Model

21

The Model - Main Outputs (3/3)

โ€ข Employment & Unemployment

Total amount of working hours required to match a given level of production

using Labour productivity (๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›

๐ป๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘  ๐‘ค๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘‘)

๐ป๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘  ๐‘Š๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘โ„Ž ๐‘– ๐‘ก = ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘– ๐‘ก

๐ฟ๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘ฆ๐‘– ๐‘ก

Nb: evolution of labour productivity can be extrapolated or chosen by the modeler with considerations on possible combinations of (K,L)

๐ธ๐‘š๐‘๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘‘ ๐‘๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘๐‘™๐‘’๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘โ„Ž ๐‘– ๐‘ก =๐ป๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘  ๐‘ค๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘‘ ๐‘– ๐‘ก

๐ด๐‘ฃ๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘ค๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘˜๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘š๐‘’ ๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘– ๐‘ก

NB: Additional informative output-> composition of ยซ active ยป population in Socio-Professional categories using initial shares of each ยซ CSP ยป in each branch.

Unemployed people= Total Active population โ€“ โˆ‘Employed people

With: (cohort model)

๐ด๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘’ ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘› = ๐‘ƒ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ร— ๐ด๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘ฆ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’

2. Our Dynamic Input-Output Model

22

Global Macro-Economic Modelling Approach

Survey results

Sectorial Production targets, Added Value (GDP)

Input-Output Analysis

Output

Energy Consumption, GHG Emissions, Employment,

Poverty, Government budget balance, public debtโ€ฆ

Scenarios for Sectorial Demand

Political proposals

(e.g.: frugality, โ€œcommoningโ€

and sharing (cars,

equipment, etc.), repairing,

reusing, recycling โ€“durability

of goods-, fiscal policy and

redistribution, Working time

policy, re-localization, small

scale organic farming, not-

for-profit organizations, etc.)

CONTENT

1. Current challenges to hybrid Energy-Economic modelling approaches

2. Our Input-Output Macroeconomic Model

3. Linking our Input-Output model to a MarkAl Model

4. Conclusion

23

3. Soft Linkage between dynamic Input-Output simulation model & MarkAl model

24

Macro socio-

economic Model

Input-Output

Simulation Model

Main Outputs:

Production & Added Value,

Employment per sector and

Unemployment, Poverty,

Public Budget, Energy

Consumption, GHG

Emissions, Waste, etc.

Hypotheses on the

evolution of Final

Consumption of

Goods & Service

Bottom-Up Energy

System Model

Markal

Main Outputs:

โ€œOptimalโ€ Allocation of energy technologies /processes and resources/ commodities, GHG intensity of energy, โ€œglobalโ€ energy price

First Estimate of Global Final Energy

Demand for the production,

transport and residential sectors

-Dispatching of the energy demand between branches Oil/Gas & Electricity, -Share of electric vehicles,โ€ฆ -GHG intensity of the Energy sectors -Change in Relative Price of Energy

Political

Proposals

CONTENT

1. Current challenges to hybrid Energy-Economic modelling approaches

2. Our Input-Output Macroeconomic Model

3. Linking our Input-Output model to a MarkAl Model

4. Conclusion

25

8. Conclusion (1/2)

26

Importance of dynamic features, disaggregation, flexibility of the economic sphere for the study of a diversity of contrasted scenarios of demand

About our macroeconomic model: a quite simple, accessible, powerful tool for common understanding and collective debate

Next steps: Surveys Scenario Building, Modeling, soft-linking and Analysis

Thank you for your attention

Q & A?

ร‰lรฉments de bibliographie Assoumou, E. (2006). Modรฉlisation MARKAL pour la planification รฉnergรฉtique long terme dans le ccontext franรงais. PhD thesis, Ecole des Mines de Paris. Crassous, R. (2008). Modรฉliser le long terme dans un monde de 2nd rang: Application aux politiques climatiques. PhD thesis, Institut des Sciences et Industries du Vivant et de lโ€™Environnement (Agro ParisTech). Duesenberry, J. S. (1949). Income, Saving and the Theory of Consumer Behavior. Cambrige (Mass.) Harvard University Press

Janssen, M. A. and Jager, W. (2001). Fashions, habits and changing preferences: Simulation of psychological factors affecting market dynamics. Journal of Economic Psychology, 22(6):745 โ€“ 772.

Latouche, S. (2009). Farewell to growth. Robert E. Lucas, J. (1976). Econometric policy evaluation: A critique. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 1(1):19โ€“46. Oโ€™Neill, D. W. (2012). Measuring progress in the degrowth transition to a steady state economy. Ecological Economics, 84(0):221 โ€“ 231. Victor, P. and Rosenbluth, G. (2007). Managing without growth. Ecological Economics, 61(2-3):492โ€“504.

2. Our approach

29

-> Home-made Dynamic Simulation Model with STELLA ยฎ -> Based on French National Accounts -> Focus on Structural (rather than conjonctural) issues (Long term concerns)

Survey results

Sectorial Production targets, Added Value (GDP)

Input-Output Analysis

Output

Energy Consumption, GHG Emissions, Employment,

Poverty, Government budget balance, public debtโ€ฆ

Scenarios for Sectorial Demand

Political proposals

(e.g.: frugality, โ€œcommoningโ€

and sharing (cars,

equipment, etc.), repairing,

reusing, recycling โ€“durability

of goods-, fiscal policy and

redistribution, Working time

policy, re-localization, small

scale farming and

agroecology, not-for-profit

organizations, etc.)

6. Our approach

30

Survey- Focus Groups

โ€ข Purpose: participative building of scenarios for the evolution of final demand in goods and services

โ€ข Using the classification in Products or functions of consumption (COICOP)

โ€ข For each function:

-> Discussing its possible, desirable/acceptable evolution per person or per household with respect to current level -> And possible ways to operate this evolution (e.g. gross reduction of service consumption, equipment sharing, repairing, extended lifetime, etc.)

FON01 Produits alimentaires et boissons non alcoolisรฉes FON02 Boissons alcoolisรฉes et Tabac

FON03 Articles d'habillement et chaussures FON04 Logement, eau gaz, รฉlectricitรฉ et autres combustibles

FON05 Meubles, articles de mรฉnage et entretien courant de l'habitation

FON051 Meubles, articles d'ameublement, tapis et autres revรชtements de sol FON052 Articles de mรฉnage en textile

FON053 Appareils mรฉnagers FON054 Verrerie, vaisselle et ustensiles de mรฉnage

FON055 Outillage et autre matรฉriel pour la maison et le jardin

FON056 Biens et services liรฉs ร  l'entretien courant de l'habitation

FON07 Transports FON071 Achats de vรฉhicules

Etc.

19

70

19

80

19

90

20

00

20

10

20

20

20

30

20

40

20

50

?

ยซ How much? ยป &

ยซ How ?ยป

7. First Results

31

A) The example of Co-Housing (1/2)

Detailed classification of G&S

ยซ Households-Proportional ยป e.g.: washing machine, cooking ustensils, etc.

ยซ Population-Proportional ยป e.g.: food, clothes, etc.

Discerning the components of final consumption which are (generally) put in common within a household

Hypotheses on the change in average household size:

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.3

2.5

2.7

2.9

3.1

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Constant

back to Fr 1990 level

back to Fr 1975 level

INSEE trend High

INSEE trend LOW

7. First Results

32

A) The example of Co-Housing (1/2)

Results:

Nota: Evolution of the age-structure of population may counter-balance co-housing behaviors!

Source: INSEE, 2005

-11%

-5%

-3%

-4%

-4%

-12%

-9%

-4%

-6%

-6%

-22%

7%

4%

2%

3%

3%

-25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%

Total Waste

Hazardous Waste

GHG Emissions (C02eq)

Global Energy consumption

Agregate Final Consumption

Nb Households

Values in 2040 with respect to the constant household size hypothesis

Central Projection INSEE

HH size 1975

HH size 1990

7. First Results

33

B) ยซ Re-Localization ยป

Implementation in our model:

Change in Technical coefficients /Intermediate consumptions of

Transport in Input-Output Tables

Change in import Ratios: ๐ผ๐‘š๐‘๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘–

๐ท๐‘œ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘™๐‘ฆ ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘–+๐ผ๐‘š๐‘๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘–

Exports in proportion of Imports

Simulations: back to the values of 1980 - 1970 - 1960

Results:

-6%

-5%

5%

5%

7%

9%

-9%

-8%

4%

6%

8%

9%

-6%

-4%

10%

16%

15%

20%

-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Global GHG Emissions

Global Energy consumption

GHG Emissions Domestic

Energy consumption for Domestic Prod

Full Time Employment

Total Production

Values in 2040 with respect to scenario with 2010 values

1960

1970

1980


Recommended