Watershed Governance Symposium
June 18, 2015
Columbia River Treaty Round Table
Greg Utzig Kutenai Nature Investigations Ltd.Nelson, BC CANADA
Climate Change and the Columbia Basin
Climate Information
l Vulnerability/ Resilience Assessment of West Kootenay Forest Ecosystemsq Funded by BC Government – MoFLNRO - Future Forest Ecosystem Scientific
Council
l Climate Change Conservation Planning (Connectivity & S Rockies)q Funded by ENGOs – Wildsight and Conservation Northwest
Climate Change Projects
l Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) –U of Victoria
l Climate Western North America(ClimateWNA) – BC MoFLNRO,
UBC, U of A – Edmontonl Climate Impacts Group (CIG) – U
of WAl International Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)2
Weather and Climate Variability
Climate Variability
Short term: (years todecadal) rises andfalls about the trendline (ENSO)
Climate Oscillations
Multi-decadal oscillations in regional climate (e.g. PDO, NAO)
Climate ChangeLong-term trends or major shifts in climate (mulit-decadal to century-scale)
From: Reasoner 2010 - CBT 3
Loss ofColdestWeather
HistoricalClimate
New Climate
More HotWeather
Cold HotAverage
NewRecord HotWeather
Increase in Mean TemperatureProbability of
occurrence
Adapted from: Reasoner 2012 4
European Summer Temperatures(1500-2010 anomalies relative to 1970-1999 mean)
From: Coumou and Ramstorf 2012
5 coldest years 5 warmest years
1970-1999
5
More Hot WeatherMore Cold
Weather
Increase in Variance (more extremes)
Cold HotAverage
HistoricalClimate
New Climate
New RecordCold Weather
New RecordHot Weather
Frequency ofoccurrence
Adapted from: Reasoner 2012 6
Reduced, but ContinuingColdWeather
Cold HotAverage
HistoricalClimate
New Climate
Much More Hot Weather
and Record Hot Weather
Increase in Mean Temperature & VarianceFrequency of
occurence
Adapted from: Reasoner 2012 7
Decadal Summer Temperature AnomaliesNorthern Hemisphere Land (1951- 61 reference period)
Adapted from:Hansen et al. 2012
2001-2011
1951-1961
Temperature Anomalies (oC)
Freq
uenc
y of
Occ
urre
nce
8
Climatic Extremes
• Increased amplitude• Reduced rate of movement• Weather systems stall
Calgary & SE BC - June, 2013
Jet Stream Modifications
Low
High
High
Mechanisms?• Heat waves• Drought• High intensity rainstorms/ flooding• Windstorms/ tonadoes• Lightening storms• Hail storms• Ice storms• Early spring heat/ late frost
combinationsGrand Forks, BC - July, 2012 Crossfields, AB - July, 2012
Boundary Sentinel9
From: D. Vettese 2013 – WN & N. Short,Sr. - FAS
Climatic Extremes – 2012 Example
• 4 people killed• 4 houses destroyed• 6 properties damaged/
loss of access• Community water
system destroyed• Main road destroyed• Damage to utilities• Ongoing future risks
Monthly Precipitation/ Rapid Snowmelt - Johnson’s Landing
Increased Soil Moisture
Decreased Soil Strength
Landslide (July 12, 2012)
Impacts
TMTV
0
50
100
150
200
250
Prec
ipita
tion
(mm
)
June Precipitation: 1901 to 2012
Mean 1901-2000: 61 mm
2012: 206 mm
Maximum 1901-2000(1963): 120 mm
(preliminary data, subject to correction)
10
From: Petit 2000 and CO2now.org
CO2 levels are now higher than anytime in at least 2.1m years
May 2013399.9
(+3ppm/yr)
We Are the Cause
11
General Circulation Models (GCMs)“Global Climate Models”
l Mathematical representations of the global climate system
From: IPCC 2007 - AR4 WG1
“3D pixels” representing atmospheric conditions at various elevations around the earth through time
12
Modeling - Future Projections
Scenarios
From: IPCC 2007 and Copenhagen Diagnosis 2009
Greenhouse Gas Emissions – various potential scenarios
Current emissions exceed all projections 13
Projected Changes for the 2050s (A1B scenario)Temperature
Precipitation Winter Spring Summer Fall
Winter Spring Summer Fall
14From: Schnorbus et al. 2011
Variability: Past vs. Potential Futurefor the Columbia Basin
From: Murdock 2007 - PCIC-CBT
Note that the projected annual temperature shifts far exceed historical variability (20th century), while the projected precipitation shifts do not.
15
Glacial Retreat
• Short-term increased summer flows
• Long-term decreased summer flows
• Increased stream temperatures
From:Menounos et al. 2006 CBT & Vaux. BC Parks
16
Reduction in Snow Cover
From: Schnorbus et al. 2011 & Murdock et al. 2007 – VIC model
CurrentClimate
2020s(+1.7 C)
2040s(+2.25 C)
April 1 – 1970s vs. 2050s (SWE)
17
Snow Water
Equivalent and
WatershedRegimeShifts
18
From: Hamlet et al. 2013– VIC model
Projected Changesin 100-year
Flood Magnitudes
19
From: Hamlet et al. 2013– VIC model
Projected Changesin
Low Flows
20From: Hamlet et al. 2013 – VIC model & Carver 2011 - CBT
Changes in Seasonal Runoff
21
Winter Spring Summer Fall
% Changes from 1970s to 2050s (mean A1B scenario)
From: Schnorbus et al. 2011 – VIC model
Projected 100 year peak flows
22
Columbia Riverat
Revelstoke
Boise Riverat
Boise
From: Salathe et al. 2014 - VIC model –regioaldown-scaling
WarmerSnowmeltDominated
ColdSnowmeltDominated
Projected 100 year peak flows
23
Skagit Riverat
Mt. Vernon
From: Salathe et al. 2014 - VIC model –regioaldown-scaling
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Annu
al A
rea
Burn
ed (h
a)
Year
30 yr Running AverageAnnual Area Burned
North
Area Burned
Touchstones Archives, Nelson
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Annu
al A
rea
Burn
ed (h
a)
Year
30 yr Running AverageAnnual Area Burned
4 years 50-90,000
South
West KootenayFire History
24
Changes in Area Burned
Sitkum2007
Jordan 2007
Kutetl 2003
25
Insects/ Pathogens /Decline Syndromes
l Tree decline – drought/ resistancel Bark Beetles
q Mountain pine beetle, spruce bark beetle, Ipsbeetles, Douglas-fir beetle …..
l Defoliators, blights, pathogensq Spruce budworm, dothistroma, larch needle
cast, root disease
l Complex Interactionsq Birch die-back, yellow cedar, 5-needle pines
From: Raffa et al. 2008(A) Regions(B) Elevation (C) Stem diameter (D) Genus(E) Fire return interval
26
From: van Mantgem et al. 2009
Cold-Water Fish GuildsCurrently Suitable Habitat
for Juvenile Bull Trout
~ 1.6 °C Increase
~ 5.0 °C Increase
Dan Isaak, USFS, Boise, ID & Peter Tschaplinski, BC MoF
q Habitat loss for cold water species, potential increase for warm water
q Loss of streamside vegetation due to fire/ insects
q Competition from invadersq Reduced low flows - de-
watering (loss of glaciers)q Change in peak flows affecting
spawning, egg incubation and rearing habitat
q Increased sedimentation from storm events
q Increased flood events degrading habitat
q Fragmentation of habitatsq Lake thermocline modificationsq Increased summer and winter
fish kills in lakes
Potential ClimateChange Impacts
Favourable Stressful Fatal
Salmon
27
Changes in Seasonal FlowsColumbia River
at Keenleyside Dam
1
5
43
2
1. Higher winter flows2. Earlier snowmelt3. Higher peakflow4. Earlier peakflow5. Lower summer/fall flows
From: Schnorbus et al. 2011- VIC model & Smith 2013 – BC Hydro
1961-90
28
Variability Across the Basin
29
(at Corra Linn) (at Parker)(at The Dalles)Yakima River
A1B B1
(Monthly - October to September)
From: Hamlet et al. 2013 – VIC model
Variability Across the Canadian Basin
30
From: Werner et al. 2013- VIC model
Biogeoclimatic (BEC) Zones
By: Daniel Mosquin
Interior Cedar –Hemlock
Ponderosa Pine
Engelmann Spruce –Subalpine Fir
Grasslands/Sage Brush 31
Ecosystem Units as “Bioclimate Envelopes”
Adapted from: Hamann and Wang 2006 & Roberts and Hamann 2011
Warm / dry
ContinentalMaritime
Cold / wet
o
oX
x
?
BiogeoclimaticZones
32
A Range of ProjectedBioclimate Envelopes
Warm/ Moist Very Hot/ DryHot/ Wet
Original data from: Roberts and Hamann, U of A
AlpineAlpine parklandWet subalpine forestDry subalpine forestCoastal hemlockTransitional coast/ interior hemlockMontane/sub-boreal spruce forestWet interior cedar/ hemlockMoist interior cedar/ hemlockDry interior cedar hemlockGrand fir/ Douglas-firWet Douglas-firDry Douglas-firPonderosa pine savanahGrassland/ steppe West Kootenays
33
Current 2020sHabitat projections for Ponderosa Pine
From: Laura Gray 2010
34
Current 2050sHabitat projections for Ponderosa Pine
From: Laura Gray 2010
35
Current 2080sHabitat projections for Ponderosa Pine
From: Laura Gray 2010
36
Ecosystem Response
EcosystemRange Shifts
Ecosystem Re-organization
37
Thank You
“We have options, but past is not one of them”Sauchyn and Kulshreshtha 2008, p.295
“Times have changed – no longer is our goal sustainable development …. our goal must now be sustainable survival”
Blackstock 2008, p.15
kootenayresilience.org
CO2 Emission Reductionsare the ONLY solution.
38