Year 11

Geography

Homework

Booklet

This year is important!

Make sure you are revising your work briefly after every

lesson.

Make sure you are looking back on your work from year 9

and year 10 in preparation for the mocks and the final

exams in May / June.

Yr9 Urban Issues and Challenges

Urban Issues and Challenges

Extension homework 1.

Read through the following:

Urban Issues and Challenges Keywords and Definitions (at end of document)

Firstly, learn how to spell each of the keywords.

Secondly, cut up a copy of the keywords and definitions and try to match them up together.

Guide time: optional

Extension homework 2.

Use www.bbc.co.uk to research and read any news articles that link to the current unit.

Things of interest would be as follows:

Sustainable cities

Urban redevelopment

Urban change

Squatter settlements

Guide time: optional

The Living World

Extension homework 1. Using the BBC Bitesize page make flash cards for the case studies of

the Amazon and the Arctic.

Guide time: 30 minutes

Extension homework 2. Visit Howe Park – make your visit into a fieldwork, what primary

data could you collect, what secondary data? How could you use this information to turn it

into a case study of a small scale ecosystem.

Guide time not including visit: 60 minutes

Resource Management

Extension homework 1. Use the BBC website or Al Jazeera English to find out about the

conflict over water in the Middle East- write this up as an example to compare to your UK

example.

Guide time: 30-60 minutes

Extension homework 2. Make a Memory board of all the keywords for this topic – test

yourself and then use it for your final revision

Guide time 30-60 minutes

Revision of work from year 9 and 10.

The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1] Find out about a recent volcanic eruption

- what impacts were there?

-when did it happen?

- where did help come from?

-why did the country respond in this way?

-who was affected by it?

2] Glossary: find out what these words mean

– mitigation

- prevention

-preparation

-protection

-planning

- adaptation

3] find out 3 of each local, regional, global solutions to climate

change- ext: assess how useful you think they are.

And if you would like further reading visit these web pages..

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zkw76sg

http://www.ipcc-wg3.ac.uk/

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/

https://www.usgs.gov/

Each homework should take 40-60 minutes to complete depending on the

level of detail and quality of the work.

Changing Economic World

1] find out some reasons as to why two countries of your choice are

an LIC/HIC/NIC – what has caused it?

2] What are the big industries in Nigeria? Where do you think the

next ‘big thing’ in Nigeria will come from? Why do you think China is

investing in Nigeria?

3] Keyword check- find out the definitions of these words. Then

come up with some questions you would like to ask about these

areas of the topic.

Indicator

Sustainable

Demographic transition model

Aid

Industrial sectors

Trans National Companies

Quaternary sector

Brownfield sites

Deindustrialisation

Rural to urban migration

And if you would like further reading visit these web pages..

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zkw76sg

https://www.economist.com/

http://www.aljazeera.com/topics/regions/africa.html

Each homework should take 40-60 minutes to complete depending on the

level of detail and quality of the work.

Fieldwork techniques and skills

You can also use these websites:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/zkw76sg

http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/gcsen/phyiscal_landscapes

.php

1] Find out about the development of the MK1 area and Dons

stadium- when was it decided? Where else was considered? What

impact has it had on the local area?

2] Keyword checklist: what do they mean? How can you use them in

your work?

- sampling techniques: random, systematic, stratified

-statistics

-surveys

-questionnaires

-open and closed questions

-evaluation

- analysis

Further reading links:

https://poolebay.net/

http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/Fieldwork+and+local+learning

/Fieldwork+and+local+learning.htm

Each homework should take 40-60 minutes to complete depending on the

level of detail and quality of the work

Physical Landscapes of the UK

1) Read through the following:

Coastal Landscapes of the UK Keywords and Definitions (at end of document)

River Landscapes of the UK Keywords and Definitions (at end of document)

Firstly, learn how to spell each of the keywords.

Secondly, cut up a copy of the keywords and definitions and try to match them up together.

Guide time: 70-90 minutes (Weeks 9-16)

2) In preparation for the end of unit assessment revise the Physical Landscapes of the UK

unit, which covers River Landscapes of the UK and Coastal Landscapes of the UK.

Guide time: 50-90 minutes (Weeks 17-21)

3) Extension homework.

Use www.bbc.co.uk to research and read any news articles that link to the current unit.

Things of interest would be as follows:

Rivers

Coasts

Coastal Landscapes of the UK Keywords and Definitions

Abrasion: wearing away of cliffs by sediment flung by breaking waves. Also called Corrasion. Arch: wave-eroded passage through a small headland. This begins as a cave formed in the headland, which is gradually widened and deepened until it cuts through. Attrition: erosion caused when rocks and boulders transported by waves bump into each other and break up into smaller pieces.

Backwash: the return of water to the sea after waves break on a beach. Bar: where a spit grows across a bay. A bar can eventually enclose the bay to create a lagoon. Bays: found between headlands where there are alternating outcrops of resistant (harder) rock and less resistant (softer) rock. Waves erode the areas of softer rock more rapidly to form bays. The more resistant, harder rock forms the headlands that protrude out to sea. Beach: the temporary deposition of sand and shingle along the coastline. Without its beach a coast is vulnerable to erosion. Beach Replenishment: the addition of new material to a beach naturally, through the action of longshore drift or artificially, through the dumping of large amounts of material. Biological Weathering: the breakdown of rock through the action of plants and animals. Breakwaters: offshore coastal defence structures built of stone parallel to the coastline; they help absorb the energy of breaking waves. Deposition occurs in the calmer water created behind the breakwater. Cave: found in coasts formed of resistant rock. Corrasion, Corrosion and Hydraulic action widen any weakness within the rock e.g. joint, bedding plane or fault, to form a cave. Chemical Weathering: the decomposition (or rotting) of rock caused by a chemical change within that rock; sea water causes chemical weathering of cliffs. Clay Cliffs: clay is a soft, impermeable rock which soaks up water to become saturated. When this happens the clay becomes unstable and begins to slump. Clay cliffs have gentle slope angles. Cliffs: hard, resistant rocks form steep cliffs; soft rocks such as clay create low, gentle cliffs. Cliff Collapse: steep cliffs made of hard, resistant rock, fall down when there is a loss of supporting rock underneath caused by wave attack. Cliff Drainage: steel barriers and drains put into a cliff to intercept the water movement through the cliff which causes mass movement. Constructive Waves: found on low-angled beaches and mainly responsible for coastal deposition. They are gently breaking, with a much stronger swash than backwash. Corrasion: wearing away of cliffs by sediment flung by breaking waves. Also called Abrasion. Destructive Waves: found on steep beaches, are steeply breaking and mainly responsible for coastal erosion. Their backwash is much stronger than their swash. Dredging: excavating sand and shingle from the sea bed; this can contribute to coastal erosion. Erosion: the wearing away of the land by rivers, ice sheets, waves and wind.

Estuary: the tidal mouth of a river where it meets the sea; wide banks of deposited mud are exposed at low-tide. Fault: a large crack in the rock caused by earthquake movements. Fetch: the maximum distance of water over which winds can blow Freeze-Thaw Weathering: also called frost-shattering as it occurs in cold climates when temperatures are often around freezing point and where exposed rocks contain many cracks. Water enters the cracks during the warmer day and freezes during the colder night. As the water turns into ice it expands and exerts pressure on the surrounding rock, causing pieces to break off. Gabions: steel wire mesh filled with boulders used in coastal defences. Groyne: a wooden barrier built out into the sea to stop the longshore drift of sand and shingle, and so cause the beach to grow. It is used to build beaches to protect against cliff erosion and provide an important tourist amenity. However, by trapping sediment it deprives another area, down-drift, of new beach material (beach replenishment). Headlands: areas of land protruding out to sea formed of resistant (harder) rock. They help protect the bay which forms between them from wave attack. Hydraulic Action: the process by which breaking waves compress pockets of air in cracks in a cliff. The pressure may cause the crack to widen, breaking off rock. Impermeable Rock: a rock that will not allow water to pass through it e.g. clay. Lagoon: a former bay cut off from the sea by a bar. Longshore Drift: waves approaching the coast at an angle result in the gradual zig-zag movement of beach materials along the coast. Managed Retreat: allowing cliff erosion to occur as nature taking its course: erosion in some areas, deposition in others. Benefits include less money spent and the creation of natural environments. Mass Movement: the downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity. The speed can vary considerably, from soil creep, where the movement is barely noticeable, to slumps, slides and mudflows, where the movement becomes increasingly more rapid. Mud Flows or Slides: occur after periods of heavy rain when loose surface material becomes saturated and the extra weight causes the material to become unstable and move rapidly downhill in an almost fluid state. Notch: an undercut part of the cliff base where wave attack concentrates erosion. Permeable Rock: allows water to percolate or pass through it e.g. limestone, sandstone and chalk. Physical Weathering: the disintegration of rock into smaller pieces without any chemical change in the rock; this is most likely in areas of bare rock where there is no vegetation to

protect the rock from extremes of weather e.g. freeze-thaw and exfoliation (or onion weathering). Prevailing Wind: the direction from which the wind usually blows. Revetments: wooden, steel, or concrete fence-like structures that allow sea water and sediment to pass through, but the structures absorb wave energy. A beach can build up behind the revetment and provide further protection for the cliff. These are used as part of coastal defences. Rip-Rap: large boulders dumped on the beach as part as part of coastal defences. Saturation: loose surface material after heavy rain can become saturated and therefore unstable due to the extra weight, leading to mud slides. Where permeable sand rock overlays impermeable clay (e.g. the cliffs at Barton on Sea), the sand can become saturated and slump or slide along a shear plane. Sea Defences: measures taken to defend the coast from erosion, cliff collapse and flooding. Sea Walls: aim to prevent erosion of the coast by providing a barrier which reflects wave energy. Sediment: material originating from rock weathering and erosion. Shingle and sand are examples found along the coast. Slides: saturated weathered material moving down a slope under the influence of gravity. See Mud Slides. Slumping: involves a whole segment of the cliff moving down-slope along a saturated shear-plane. Soil Creep: the slowest of downhill movements, occurring on very gentle and well-vegetated slopes. Although material may move by less than 1 cm a year, its results can be seen in step-like terracettes on hillsides. Spit: a long, narrow accumulation of sand and shingle formed by longshore drift and deposited where the coastline abruptly changes direction. One end of the spit is connected to the land and the other end projects out to the sea, often with a curved (hooked) end. Stack: rock left standing out at sea after wave erosion has separated it from the mainland. This is the next stage from an arch. Waves will continue to erode the foot of the arch until its roof becomes too heavy to be supported. When the roof collapses, it will leave part of the former cliff isolated. Stump: formed by continuing wave action attacking a stack until it collapses. Swash: forward movement of a wave up a beach. Tombolo: a spit joining an island to the mainland. Vegetation: a ground cover of bushes and grass on a cliff face helps prevent cliff erosion; their roots hold and trap (stabilise) soil and prevent it being lost by mass movement.

Waves: caused by the transfer of energy from the wind blowing over the surface of the sea. The largest waves are formed when winds are very strong, blow for lengthy periods and cross large expanses of water. See Fetch and Prevailing Wind. Wave Cut Platform: a gently sloping, rocky platform found at the foot of an eroding cliff and exposed at low tide. Weathering: the break-down of rock by physical or chemical processes.

River Landscapes of the UK Keywords and Definitions

Abrasion: the pebbles being transported wear away the bed and banks of the river channel. Alluvium: rock particles (clay, silt, sand and gravel) deposited by a river. Attrition: The particles are knocked about as they are transported, and they gradually become more rounded and reduced in size. Base Level: the mouth of the river and the point where the gradient becomes zero. No further erosion is possible during normal river flow at this point. Bedload: the material carried by a river by being bounced or rolled along its bed. Catchment: see Drainage Basin. Confluence: the point at which rivers meet. Corrosion: see Solution. Delta: a river mouth choked with sediment causing the main channel to split into smaller branching channels or distributaries. The name originates from the Greek for the delta's 'D'-like shape. Depth: increases downstream, a result of being joined by a number of tributaries. Discharge: the amount of water passing a specific point at a given time. This become larger downstream as a result of the joining of many tributaries. It is calculated as: cross-sectional area x velocity, and measured in cubic metres per second (m³/sec). Distributaries: finger-like river channels which branch away from a main river channel in a delta. Drainage Basin: the land that is drained by a river and its tributaries. Erosion: the wearing away of the bed and banks of the river channel by abrasion, hydraulic action, solution and attrition. Estuary: the tidal mouth of a river, with large, flat expanses of mud exposed at low tide. Flood Plain: the wide, flat floor of a river valley. It consists of sediments (alluvium) deposited by the river. Freeze-Thaw Weathering: also called frost-shattering as it occurs in cold climates when temperatures are often around freezing point and where exposed rocks contain many cracks. Water enters the cracks during the warmer day and freezes during the colder night. As the water turns into ice it expands and exerts pressure on the surrounding rock, causing pieces to break off.

Gorge: a steep-sided, narrow rocky valley marking the retreat of a waterfall. Gradient: the slope of the river profile, steep close to the source and gradually becoming more gentle until the river reaches sea level. Hydraulic Action: The sheer force of the water by itself can erode material from the bed and banks of the river channel. Interlocking Spurs: As the river descends from the highland, it begins to meander between spurs which interlock down the valley. Lateral erosion: erosion by a river on the outside of a meander channel. It eventually leads to the widening of the valley and the formation of the flood plain. Levées: river embankments built by deposition as the river floods. Load: the material transported by a river as bedload, suspended load or dissolved load (in solution). Lower course: the section of the river near the sea, where deposition is the most important process and the valley becomes wider and flatter. Meander: a bend in a river. The outside of the meander has the fastest flow and deepest water. Middle Course: the section of the river between the mountains and the lowland, where transport of eroded material is important and the river begins to cut sideways due to the reducing gradient. Mouth: where a river ends, at a lake or the sea. Ox-bow Lake: a meander which has been cut off from the main river channel and abandoned. Particle Size: range from clay (0.001mm), through silt, sand, gravel, pebbles, cobbles and boulders (500+mm). Physical Weathering: the disintegration of rock into smaller pieces without any chemical change in the rock; this is most likely in areas of bare rock where there is no vegetation to protect the rock from extremes of weather e.g. freeze-thaw and exfoliation (or onion weathering). Plunge Pool: the deep pool below a waterfall. Profile: the cross-section of the river, from its source to its mouth, concave in shape. Rapids: found where the river meets a band of resistant rock and usually precede a waterfall. River Cliff: created on the outside of a meander bend by the erosive effect of fast-flowing water.

Saltation: material bounced along the bed of the river. Slip-Off Slope: forms on the inside of a meander bend as a result of deposition in the slower flowing water. Solution: some rocks such as limestone are subject to chemical attack and slowly dissolve in the water. Source: where a river starts, usually in the mountains. Suspended Load: very small and light material, usually fine clay and silt, transported by the river in suspension. Time: an important factor in river erosion and deposition. Traction: material rolled along the bed of the river. Transportation: the river moves material as bedload, suspended load or dissolved load (in solution). Bedload can be moved by saltation or traction. Tributary: a smaller river that joins a larger one. Upper Course: the mountain stage of a river with steep gradients and much erosion. V-shaped Valley: a deep v-shaped valley is usually found in the upper course of the river where the water has considerable erosive power. Velocity: the speed of the water flow. Waterfalls: form where the river meets a band of softer rock after flowing over an area of more resistant material. Waterfalls progressively cut back, leaving a gorge. Watershed: the highland separating one river basin from another. Weathering the break-down or decomposition of rock by biological, physical or chemical processes.

Urban Issues and Challenges Keywords and Definitions

Amenities: These may be within the home, in which case they refer to baths, toilets (w.c.'s), hot water etc., or outside people's homes in which case they would include parks, shops, public transport provision, etc. Brownfield land: urban land that has previously been developed, such as a the site of a demolished building or factory. By-pass: A road built around a busy urban area to avoid traffic jams. CBD: Central Business District or city centre; the commercial and business centre ot a town or city where land values are at the highest. This is the most accessible part of the town or city. High land values lead to intensive use of the land and buildings are built as high as possible to maximise office space and therefore rental income. City: cities are urban places. They are usually large (more than 20,000 people) and are economically self- sufficient (unlike a large dormitory or suburban town). Commuting: the process by which people living in one place, travel to another place to work. Comparison Goods/Services: these are high-order (usually expensive) goods such as antiques, jewellery, and some clothing and electrical equipment. They are called comparison goods because people like to compare prices, quality and other features before buying them. Comparison goods are usually sold in shops in city centres or large out-of-town shopping centres. People visit comparison shops only occasionally so they need a large market area. Congestion: overcrowding on roads causing traffic jams. Consumer: these are people. As trade in goods and services increases, the power of the consumer increases. Industries must create what people want (or think they need). Conurbation: a large urban settlement which is the result of towns and cities spreading out and merging together. Convenience Goods/Services: these are low/order goods - inexpensive things that vary little in price, quality or other features that we need to buy regularly e.g. newspapers, cigarettes and bread. Convenience shops are found on most street corners where they have a small market area of people who visit the shop on most days. Corner Shop a shop typical of the inner city zone (but also common in all zones except the CBD) found on every street corner, selling a range of every-day needs. (See convenience goods and low-order goods/services). Counterurbanisation: The movement of people from the MEDC cities to the countryside seeking a better quality of life. Many still commute into the city to work, but increasing numbers are moving to completely change their lifestyle and work in the rural area, often by teleworking.

Deprivation: The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities. There are many different types and levels of deprivation included poor and overcrowded housing, inadequate diet, inadequate income and lack of opportunity for employment. Derelict: abandoned buildings and wasteland. Detached house: a house standing alone (not joined to another) typical of the wealthy suburb zone of a city. (See Burgess). Dormitory Settlement: one where many commuters 'sleep' overnight but travel to work elsewhere during the day. Ethnic group: This is a group which is defined by race, religion, nationality or culture. Favela: a Brazilian term for an informal, shanty-type settlement. Formal Sector: the employment sector comprising 'proper' jobs that are usually permanent, with set hours of work, agreed levels of pay, and sometimes pensions and social security rights. Gentrification: a process by which run-down houses in an inner city or other neglected area are improved by better off (affluent) people who move there in order to have easier access to the jobs and services of the city centre. The 'improving' social group changes attract more people of the similar wealthier social group. Green Belt: An area around a city, composed mostly of parkland and farmland, in which development is strictly controlled. Its purpose is to prevent the outward growth of the city, preserve countryside for farming, wildlife and recreation, and, often to prevent two or more cities from merging to form one huge urban area. Greenfield land: a term used to describe a piece of undeveloped rural land, either currently used for agriculture or just left to nature. High-order goods/services: a good or service, usually expensive, that people buy only occasionally e.g. furniture, computers and jewellery. High-order services are usually located in larger towns and cities with a large market area - accessible to large numbers of people. Household: a person living alone or a group of people, not necessarily related, living at the same address with shared housekeeping. Shared housekeeping involves sharing at least one meal a day or sharing a living room or sitting room. Informal Sector: casual, irregular work, e.g. street selling. Inner City: the part of the urban area surrounding the CBD; it often contains older housing and industry, in a state of poor repair and dereliction (See urban redevelopment and urban renewal). Linear Settlement: a settlement which follows the line of, for example, a road or river.

Market Town: a town whose main function is that of a shopping and service centre for the surrounding region. New Town: a well-planned, self-contained settlement complete with housing, employment and services. Nucleated Settlement Pattern: a settlement where buildings are clustered around a particular point. Out-of-town Shopping Centre: a large group of shops built either on a site on the edge of the urban area or on the site of a former large industrial area. Such centres usually have large carparks, a pedestrianised, air-conditioned environment and over 100 shops. Pensionable age: a person of a pensionable age is a man aged 65 or over or a woman aged 60 or over. Planning: attempting to carry out a programme of work, such as building a new town or protecting historic buildings, by following an agreed set of guidelines, design or plan. Quality of Life: an idea which is difficult to define because it means different things to different people. Things which make for a good quality of life might include high income, good health, good housing, basic home amenities, pleasant surroundings, recreational open space, good local shops, a secure job, etc.. Redevelopment: the rebuilding of parts of a city. Sometimes large areas are completely demolished before being rebuilt; sometimes all or some of the old buildings are retained and modernised to combine the best features of the old and the new. Retail Park: an out-of-town shopping centre with a few large warehouse-type stores, selling electrical goods, carpets, D.I.Y. goods, building supplies etc. Retailing: the sale of goods, usually in shops, to the general public. Re-urbanisation: the process whereby towns and cities in MEDCs which have been experiencing a loss of population are able to reverse the decline and begin to grow again. Some form of redevelopment is often required to start re-urbanisation. Ribbon development: when housing grows out from a town along a main road. Ring-road: a by-pass that provides a route around the CBD. Rural-Urban Fringe: a zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use. It is a zone of mixed land uses, from shopping malls and golf courses to farmland and motorways. Second Homes: homes purchased by city dwellers in country villages or areas of usually great natural beauty for holiday or weekend use only. These create problems for local communities since house prices in the area of second homes rise out of the reach of young people, and shops, schools and bus services are forced to close due to lack of customers. The newcomers also bring unwanted social changes to the villages.

Semi-detached house: a house joined to one other. These are common in the middle-class suburb zones of a city in the MEDCs. Shanty Town: an area of poor-quality housing, lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewerage and electricity, which often develops spontaneously and illegally (as a squatter settlement) in a city in an LEDC. Slum: a house unfit for human habitation. Site: the actual place where a settlement (or farm or factory) is located. Socio-Economic Group: classification of people according to their occupation, e.g. professional, skilled, manual. Occupation is related to income, wealth and education. The classification is shown below:

Group 1 Professional and managerial

Group 2 Intermediate

Group 3 Skilled (non-manual)

Group 4 Skilled manual

Group 5 Partly skilled

Group 6 Unskilled

e.g. employers, senior managers, architects, solicitors.

e.g. teachers, nurses, social workers - all jobs requiring good qualifications.

e.g. clerical workers, secretaries - jobs requiring training.

e.g. supervisors, skilled workers, bus drivers, hair stylists

e.g. fitters, machine operators - jobs requiring some training.

e.g. labourers - jobs requiring little training or experience.

Sphere of Influence: the area served by a settlement, shop or service. Spontaneous Settlement: a squatter settlement or shanty town containing self-built houses made of scrap materials such as corrugated iron and plastic; the settlement usually lacks piped water, an electricity supply and sewage disposal facilities. Spontaneous settlements are very common in cities in LEDCs and are illegal because the residents neither own the land on which the houses are built, nor have permission to build there. Squatter Settlement: another name for a spontaneous settlement. Suburbs: the outer zone of towns and cities. Suburbanisation: the process by which people, factories, offices and shops move out from the central areas of cities and into the suburbs. Suburbanised Villages/Towns: dormitory or commuter villages/towns with a residential population who sleep in the village/town but who travel to work in the nearby large urban area. The suburbanised village has increasingly adopted some of the characteristics (new housing estates, more services) of urban areas. Tenant: a person who rents his/her home from a private landlord or the local council. Tenure: the way in which property is held. A house of flat may be owned by the occupier or rented, either from the council or from a private landlord.

Terraced House: a house within a (usually) long line of joined housing. Terraced housing is typical of the inner city zone in the U.K. Threshold Population: the minimum number of people required to support a particular good, shop or office. For example, large stores such as Marks & Spencer have a threshold population of over 100,000, whilst shoe shops have a threshold population of about 25,000. Urban Renewal/Regeneration: the improvement of old houses and the addition of amenities in an attempt to bring new life to old inner city areas. Urban Sprawl: the unplanned uncontrolled growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside. Urbanisation: the process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities. Rapid urbanisation is a feature of most LEDCs.

Challenge of Natural Hazards

Hazard risk The probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place.

Natural hazard A natural event (for example an earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, flood) that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death.

Conservative plate margin Tectonic plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other.

Constructive plate margin Tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to plates that are diverging or moving apart.

Destructive plate margin Tectonic plate margin where two plates are converging or coming together and oceanic plate is subducted. It can be associated with violent earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.

Earthquake A sudden or violent movement within the Earth’s crust followed by a series of shocks.

Immediate responses The reaction of people as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.

Long-term responses Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event.

Monitoring Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.

Plate margin The margin or boundary between two tectonic plates.

Planning Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters, through measures such as emergency evacuation plans, information management, communications and warning systems.

Prediction Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge. This can be done to some extent for volcanic eruptions (and tropical storms), but less reliably for earthquakes.

Primary effects The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, for instance the ground buildings collapsing following an earthquake.

Protection Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building design.

Secondary effects The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale, for instance fires due to ruptured gas mains resulting from the ground shaking.

Tectonic hazard A natural hazard caused by movement of tectonic plates (including volcanoes and earthquakes).

Tectonic plate A rigid segment of the Earth’s crust which can ‘float’ across the heavier, semi-molten rock below. Continental plates are less dense, but thicker than oceanic plates.

Volcano An opening in the Earth’s crust from which lava, ash and gases erupt.

Economic impact The effect of an event on the wealth of an area or community.

Environmental impact The effect of an event on the landscape and ecology of the surrounding area.

Extreme weather This is when a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern, and is especially severe or unseasonal. This may take place over one day or a period of time. A severe snow blizzard or heat wave are two examples of extreme weather in the UK.

Global atmospheric circulation The worldwide system of winds, which transports heat from tropical to polar latitudes. In each hemisphere, air also circulates through the entire depth of the troposphere which extends up to 15 km.

Immediate responses The reaction of people as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.

Long-term responses Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event.

Management strategies Techniques of controlling, responding to, or dealing with an event.

Monitoring Recording physical changes, such as tracking a tropical storm by satellite, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.

Planning Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters, through measures such as emergency evacuation plans, information management, communications and warning systems.

Prediction Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge. This can be done to some extent for tropical storms (and volcanic eruptions, but less reliably for earthquakes).

Primary effects The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, for instance buildings being partially or wholly destroyed by a tropical storm.

Protection Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building design.

Secondary effects The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale, for instance impact on access to potable water can lead to spread of disease.

Social impact The effect of an event on the lives of people or community.

Tropical storm (hurricane, cyclone, typhoon) An area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around the calm central point called the eye of the storm. Winds are powerful and rainfall is heavy.

Adaptation Actions taken to adjust to natural events such as climate change, to reduce potential damage, limit the impacts, take advantage of opportunities, or cope with the consequences.

Climate change A long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature.

Mitigation Action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards, such as building earthquake-proof buildings or making international agreements about carbon reduction targets.

Orbital changes Changes in the pathway of the Earth around the Sun.

Quaternary period

The period of geological time from about 2.6 million years ago to the present. It is characterized by the

appearance and development of humans and includes the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs.

The changing Economic World Birth rate The number of births in a year per 1000 of the total population.

Commonwealth The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 53 independent and equal sovereign states, which were mostly territories of the former British Empire. It is home to 2.2 billion citizens. Member states have no legal obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language, history, culture, and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.

Death rate The number of deaths in a year per 1000 of the total population.

De-industrialisation The decline of a country's traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs.

Demographic Transition Model A model showing how populations should change over time in terms of their birth rates, death rates and total population size.

Development The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.

Development gap The difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the world’s richest and poorest countries (between HICs and LICs).

European Union An international organisation of 28 European countries, including the UK, formed to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. Seventeen of these countries also share the same type of money: the euro. A person who is a citizen of a European Union country can live and work in any of the other 27 member countries without needing a work permit or visa.

Fairtrade When producers in LICs are given a better price for the goods they produce. Often this is from farm products like cocoa, coffee or cotton. The better price improves income and reduces exploitation.

Globalisation The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in the movements of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism) worldwide.

Gross national income (GNI) A measurement of economic activity that is calculated by dividing the gross (total) national income by the size of the population. GNI takes into account not just the value of goods and services, but also the income earned from investments overseas.

Human Development Index (HDI) A method of measuring development in which GDP per capita, life expectancy and adult literacy are combined to give an overview. This combined measure of development uses economic and social indicators to produce an index figure that allows comparison between countries.

Industrial structure The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary).

Infant mortality The average number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, per 1000 live births, per year.

Information technologies Computer, internet, mobile phone and satellite technologies – especially those that speed up communication and the flow of information.

Intermediate technology The simple, easily learned and maintained technology used in a range of economic activities serving local needs in LICs.

International aid Money, goods and services given by the government of one country or a multilateral institution such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund to help the quality of life and economy of another country.

Life expectancy The average number of years a person might be expected to live.

Literacy rate The percentage of people who have basic reading and writing skills.

Microfinance loans Very small loans which are given to people in the LICs to help them start a small

North-south divide (UK) Economic and cultural differences between Southern England (the South-East, Greater London, the South-West and parts of the East) and Northern England (the North-East, West and Yorkshire and the Humber). There are clear differences in health conditions, house prices, earnings, and political influence.

Post-industrial economy The economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industries.

Science and business parks Business Parks are purpose built areas of offices and warehouses, often at the edge of a city and on a main road. Science parks are often located near university sites, and high-tech industries are established. Scientific research and commercial development may be carried out in co-operation with the university.

Service industries (tertiary industries) The economic activities that provide various services - commercial (shops and banks), professional (solicitors and dentists), social (schools and hospitals), entertainment (restaurants and cinemas) and personal (hairdressers and fitness trainers).

Trade The buying and selling of goods and services between countries.

Transnational Corporation (TNC) A company that has operations (factories, offices, research and development, shops) in more than one country. Many TNCs are large and have well‐known brands.

The Living World

Abiotic Relating to non-living things.

Biotic Relating to living things.

Consumer Creature that eats animals and/or plant matter.

Decomposer An organism such as a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead tissue, which is then recycled to the environment.

Ecosystem A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment.

Food chain The connections between different organisms (plants and animals) that rely on one another as their source of food.

Food web A complex hierarchy of plants and animals relying on each other for food.

Nutrient cycling A set of processes whereby organisms extract minerals necessary for growth from soil or water, before passing them on through the food chain - and ultimately back to the soil and water.

Global ecosystem Very large ecological areas on the earth’s surface (or biomes), with fauna and flora (animals and plants) adapting to their environment. Examples include tropical rainforest and hot desert.

Producer An organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis.

Tropical rainforests Biodiversity The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat.

Commercial farming Farming to sell produce for a profit to retailers or food processing companies.

Debt reduction Countries are relieved of some of their debt in return for protecting their rainforests.

Deforestation The chopping down and removal of trees to clear an area of forest.

Ecotourism Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the wellbeing of the local people, and may involve education. It is usually carried out in small groups and has minimal impact on the local ecosystem.

Logging The business of cutting down trees and transporting the logs to sawmills.

Mineral extraction The removal of solid mineral resources from the earth. These resources include ores, which contain

commercially valuable amounts of metals, such as iron and aluminium; precious stones, such as diamonds;

building stones, such as granite; and solid fuels, such as coal and oil shale.

Selective logging The cutting out of trees which are mature or inferior, to encourage the growth of the remaining trees in a forest or wood.

Soil erosion Removal of topsoil faster than it can be replaced, due to natural (water and wind action), animal, and human

activity. Topsoil is the top layer of soil and is the most fertile because it contains the most organic, nutrient-

rich materials

Subsistence farming A type of agriculture producing food and materials for the benefit only of the farmer and his family.

Sustainability Actions and forms of progress that meet the needs of the present without reducing the ability of future

generations to meet their needs.

Cold environments Biodiversity The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat.

Fragile environment An environment that is both easily disturbed and difficult to restore if disturbed. Plant communities in fragile areas have evolved in highly specialised ways to deal with challenging conditions. As a result, they cannot tolerate environmental changes.

Infrastructure The basic equipment and structures (such as roads, utilities, water supply and sewage) that are needed for a country or region to function properly.

Mineral extraction The removal of solid mineral resources from the earth. These resources include ores, which contain commercially valuable amounts of metals, such as iron and aluminium; precious stones, such as diamonds; building stones, such as granite; and solid fuels, such as coal and oil shale.

Permafrost Permanently frozen ground, found in polar and tundra regions.

Polar The regions of Earth surrounding the North and South Poles. These regions are dominated by Earth's polar ice

caps, the northern resting on the Arctic Ocean and south on the Antarctic Ocean.

Tundra The flat, treeless Arctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America, where the ground is permanently frozen. Lichen, moss, grasses and dwarf shrubs can grow here.

Wilderness area A natural environment that has not been significantly modified by human activity. Wilderness areas are the

most intact, undisturbed areas left on Earth –places that humans do not control and have not developed.

Resource Management

Agribusiness Application of business skills to agriculture.

Carbon footprint A measurement of all the greenhouse gases we individually produce, through burning fossil fuels for electricity, transport etc, expressed as tonnes (or kg) of carbon-dioxide equivalent.

Energy mix The range of energy sources of a region or country, both renewable and non-renewable.

Food miles The distance covered supplying food to consumers.

Fossil fuel A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

Local food sourcing A method of food production and distribution that is local, rather than national and/or international. Food is grown (or raised) and harvested close to consumers' homes, then distributed over much shorter distances.

Organic produce Food which is produced using environmentally and animal friendly farming methods on organic farms. Artificial fertilisers are banned and farmers develop fertile soil by rotating crops and using compost, manure and clover. It must be free of synthetic additives like pesticides and dyes.

Resource Management The control and monitoring of resources so that they do not become depleted or exhausted.

Water ‘Grey’ water Wastewater from people’s homes that can be recycled and put to good use. Uses include water for laundry and toilet flushing. Treated greywater can also be used to irrigate both food and non-food producing plants. The nutrients in the greywater(such as phosphorus and nitrogen) provide an excellent food source for these plants.

Groundwater management Regulation and control of water levels, pollution, ownership and use of groundwater.

Over-abstraction When water is being used more quickly that it is being replaced.

Sustainable development Development that meets the needs of the present without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable water supply Meeting the present-day need for safe, reliable, and affordable water, which minimises adverse effects on the

environment, whilst enabling future generations to meet their requirements.

Waterborne diseases Diseases caused by microorganisms that are transmitted in contaminated water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of infected food. eg cholera, typhoid, botulism.

Water conflict Disputes between different regions or countries about the distribution and use of freshwater. Conflicts arise from the gap between growing demands and diminishing supplies.

Water conservation The preservation, control and development of water resources, both surface and groundwater, and prevention of

pollution.

Water deficit This exists where water demand is greater than supply.

Water insecurity When water availability is not enough to ensure the population of an area enjoys good health, livelihood and earnings. This can be caused by water insufficiency or poor water quality.

Water quality Quality can be measured in terms of the chemical, physical, and biological content of water. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water.

Water security The reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production.

Water stress Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.

Water surplus

This exists where water supply is greater than demand.

Water transfer Water transfer schemes attempt to make up for water shortages by constructing elaborate systems of canals, pipes, and dredging over long distances to transport water from one river basin to another.

Energy exploitation Developing and using energy resources to the greatest possible advantage, usually for profit.

Energy security Uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price.

Fossil fuel A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

Geothermal energy Energy generated by heat stored deep in the Earth.

Hydro(electric) power Electricity generated by turbines that are driven by moving water.

Nuclear power The energy released by a nuclear reaction, especially by fission or fusion. Nuclear energy uses fuel made from mined and processed uranium to make steam and generate electricity.

Renewable energy sources A resource which is not diminished when it is used; it recurs and cannot be exhausted (for example wind and tidal energy).

Solar energy The Sun's energy exploited by solar panels, collectors or cells to heat water or air or to generate electricity.

Sustainable development Development that meets the needs of the present without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable energy supply Energy that can potentially be used well into the future without harming future generations. Sustainable energy is the combination of energy savings, energy efficiency measures and technologies, as well as the use of renewable energy sources.

Wind energy Electrical energy obtained from harnessing the wind with windmills or wind turbines.